Special equipment types, types, categories of equipment, what kind of special equipment there are

25.11.2019

For centuries, people have tried their best to make their work as easy as possible. Today, the results of scientific and technological progress are obvious; complex technology has replaced humans at all stages of industrial production. Machines and equipment help process raw materials, cars transport goods, special programs process huge amounts of information.

Speaking about the results of scientific and technological progress, one cannot fail to mention special vehicles, complex mechanisms and machines that have a specific function and are used for specific purposes.

Special equipment is one of the types of cars, which, in turn, also has a fairly broad classification.

Special equipment has found wide application both in industry and in private use. Therefore, it is not surprising that the demand for such transport is quite high, which means there is more than enough supply.

If you are planning to purchase special equipment for business or personal use in the near future, our material Classification and types of special equipment will come in handy for you.

Important In order to make the right choice of a special vehicle, several classification parameters must be taken into account simultaneously. For example, special road equipment can be classified by size, type of movement, and type of fuel used.

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General classification of special equipment types, types

There are different classifications of special equipment, depending on the scope of application, the following types of special equipment are distinguished:

• Air,
• Water,
• Ground,
• underwater,
• Space.

Depending on the type of machines and mechanisms, special equipment is divided into types:

• Auto,
• Railway,
• Water,
• Air.

Another important classification is the division of types of special equipment according to the method of movement and type of propulsion:

• stationary, transported using other machines,
• wheeled or automobile,
• rail,
• crawler,
• flying.

Conclusion

The classification of special equipment is a fairly extensive topic, which is very problematic to cover in one article. If after studying the material you still have any questions, we will be happy to answer them; you will find all our contacts here

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Excavator

This technique was invented back in 1836, and was originally intended for digging ditches, canals, and pits. In individual construction, an excavator performs several functions. He digs holes for foundation pits, trenches, and makes a road through the thickets.

This is a special construction cargo transport with an “arm” consisting of a boom and a bucket. The bucket is the main tool of an excavator. It has strong iron teeth and easily digs the soil by piercing these teeth into it.

There are several types of excavators:

• Mini excavators.
• Career.
• Loading capacity up to 18 tons.
• Loading capacity up to 40 tons.
• Amphibians.
• Electrical.
• Wheeled.
• Hydraulic.
• Backhoe loaders.
• Excavators-bulldozers.

Manufacturers of this construction equipment are different concerns of special equipment. The most popular domestic manufacturers are Tver Excavator, Uralvagonzavod, MTZ, ChZKM. Among imported construction equipment, preference is given to the brands Takeuchi, Komatsu, made in Japan.

Surprisingly, the cost of a Takeuchi excavator is quite low, and the quality of the work performed is at a high level.

It is optimal to use MTZ excavators from Belarus. Often these excavators have special equipment in the form of blades, loaders, and bulldozer equipment. Such excavators are the best option for building a house.

The use of such excavators provides many positive features:

• High performance.
• Simple controls.
• Low costs.
• Reliability of all components.

When choosing an excavator for use in individual construction, you should take into account that it is best to carry out construction activities in areas with problematic soil using crawler-mounted equipment. If there are no problems with the construction site, then it is better to choose a wheeled excavator - it is more mobile.

Transport

These are vehicles for delivering materials, soil, and removing waste from the site. Transportation of construction equipment is also carried out with their help. For such work, the following types of construction equipment are distinguished:

• trucks with trailers;
• dump trucks;
• tractors with semi-trailers (scows) carrying up to 20 tons of cargo;
• long trucks – trucks with an extended body.

Loading and unloading machines transport goods around the site. They are needed in warehouses and large construction sites.

Some types of construction equipment are purchased by contractors, but in most cases, trucks are rented. For example, common services are scow rental and long-vehicle rental.

By the method they move

Devices are divided into:

• Tracked. Often slow, but steady.
• Rail. Moved exclusively on rails or railway tracks.
• Stationary. They are transported by companies due to their oversized appearance, lack of parts for running, or the ban on independent movement on roads (due to low speed or features of the tracks that will destroy the road surface).
• Wheeled (automotive). The largest group, used everywhere. Such machines are mobile, load-lifting and ergonomic. There are small, large and especially heavy ones.
• Flying. A small category, mainly for the delivery of goods and rescue of people.
• Aquatic. They are used mainly for transportation or operations on water - drilling wells, transporting citizens, products or equipment.

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Characteristics of special equipment

Let's look at what general characteristics you should pay attention to when purchasing equipment for construction, for road, excavation and other work:

1. Overall dimensions are perhaps one of the first indicators that need to be taken into account. For example, large construction equipment is unlikely to be suitable for work inside a yard.
2. Power and/or load capacity.
3. Own weight of the equipment.
4. The versatility of the machine. For example, an excavator with a quick-release attachment for attachments is more efficient when you plan to frequently replace working tools.
5. Degree of novelty. More modern models of equipment, as a rule, meet the more demanding needs of buyers. The market for special equipment is developing based on these very requests.

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Bulldozer

This special-purpose vehicle is used not only in the construction of buildings. Externally, it is a caterpillar or wheeled tractor with high power and a mounted working blade in the form of a shield.

Used for digging, leveling the ground, demolishing dilapidated buildings. This is an indispensable assistant in cleaning the area from snow, stones, bushes, and debris. A bulldozer is an excellent assistant for cutting soil in construction projects.

Based on the type of lifting mechanism, bulldozers are divided into rope and hydraulic. There are machines with adjustable cutting angle.

For bulldozers to pay off, it is necessary to minimize the time they are used and to maximize the volume of earth moved. In conditions of individual construction, machines that are ultra-light or lightweight are preferred. In addition, the maneuverability of such a bulldozer is higher than that of heavy class vehicles. The bulldozer is a worthy assistant to the excavator.

Truck cranes: what are they?

All existing types of truck cranes differ according to several criteria:

• Load capacity. It is customary to distinguish between small (4-8 tons), medium (30-60 tons) and high (60-250 tons) tonnage cranes.
• Arrow type. This type of equipment can be equipped with a retractable (telescopic), articulated, non-retractable or lattice boom with flexible cables.
• Type of drive. Modern models of truck cranes most often operate on electric or hydraulic drive types.

When there are several types of equipment at once, the question inevitably arises: which truck cranes are better? In this case, the answer has to be sought by solving other questions: why is a truck crane needed, what volume of work does it need to perform, what is the mass of the cargo being moved, what are the working conditions (construction site, rough terrain, work in dense urban areas, etc.) Knowing, what kind of work the truck crane performs, and what parameters the load has, you will be able to select the optimal model of self-propelled lifting equipment and save on its purchase or rental.

Dump trucks

The need to use dump trucks in housing construction is clear. This is the optimization of all work on the construction site.

With the help of this special equipment, it is possible not to litter the construction site with waste from building materials and soil.

The most mobile, inexpensive, versatile and practical dump trucks are those based on the KAMAZ chassis.

The carrying capacity of this special equipment varies: from 7 tons to 41 tons. Of course, you shouldn’t use huge equipment in a small area. Therefore, the use of Krazov and Urals is inappropriate due to their slowness and high cost of use.

Main categories of special equipment types, types, varieties

These generalized classifications of special equipment cannot be presented without dividing them into categories according to the work performed in a certain area. Thus, the main categories of special equipment are distinguished:

• Road or work,
• Construction,
• Communal or city,
• Production,
• Military,
• Fire department,
• Rescue equipment of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and others,
• Medical,
• Special cargo or transport equipment,
• Lifting,
• Agricultural,
• Research,
• Special equipment of the security services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement services,
• Other

The use of special mechanisms and units occurs everywhere, be it in the city, mountains, forest, field, sea, space, today humanity will no longer be able to exist without the help of machines with different characteristics, which are called in one word special equipment. Let's look at what special equipment is in each category of special equipment in more detail.

Road special equipment

Road special equipment – ​​equipment and mechanisms used for the construction and repair of roads. The construction and repair of highways includes a lot of work; in order to complete each stage of work, various types of road special equipment were designed and produced. Every year, millions of such road machines go to work throughout Russia. This includes:

• rippers,
• brush cutters,
• backhoe loaders,
• motor graders,
• road, soil, asphalt rollers,
• pavers,
• road milling machines,
• other types.

Construction equipment

Construction special equipment is a separate broad group of special-purpose equipment used in the construction and destruction of various objects and structures. This includes machines and mechanisms on wheels and tracks:

• bulldozers,
• excavators,
• pipe layers,
• pile driving machines,
• concrete feeding machines,
• dump trucks,
• concrete mixers,
• equipment for laying communications and many other special equipment.

City municipal special equipment

City municipal special equipment are special machines that help clean and clear city streets, prevent and eliminate the consequences of accidents in residential areas. This large group includes:

• cleaning machines,
• sewer trucks,
• silt suckers,
• garbage trucks and other machines that provide a comfortable human life.

Industrial special equipment

Special production equipment is equipment that performs mining and supply of materials, ensuring the continuity of the mining and production process. Examples include:

• conveyors,
• loaders,
• ladders,
• forestry equipment,
• fishing,
• quarry equipment,
• drilling rigs,
• various mobile installations and others.

Transport cargo special equipment

Transport cargo special equipment is a large group of special vehicles that provide transportation, towing, and pushing of various cargoes on land, water and air. This group includes:

• truck tractors with semi-trailers,
• many modifications of trucks,
• tugs,
• cargo transport aircraft and helicopters,
• cargo tankers and ships,
• barges and more.

Lifting equipment

Not a single process in human life is complete without the raising or lowering of objects and objects. To ensure such work, special lifting equipment has been developed and used everywhere. Loading and unloading operations help to:

• various elevators and lifts,
• towers,
• wheeled cranes,
• caterpillar and rail running,
• stationary cranes – tower and bridge,
• automanipulators and other crane machines and installations.

Agricultural special equipment

Agricultural special equipment is special equipment for work in the agricultural industry and livestock farming. The developed machines are used when working in the fields, during processing and harvesting, equipment that delivers products to the place of processing. In addition to combines and tractors, it includes:

• seeders,
• mowers,
• milking machines and milk tankers,
• elevators and other equipment.

Research special equipment

Research special equipment is equipment that ensures scientific research on land, under water and in space.

Military special equipment

Military special equipment, such equipment is designed to ensure the reliability and security of the borders of each state. Tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, fighter planes, missile launchers and many other vehicles used in the military sphere.

Military special equipment is equipment used by the army and other paramilitary services for organizing and conducting combat operations and special operations: military, civilian. Military equipment, its novelty, innovation and manning of combat units is an indicator of the strength of the armed forces involved in both the active use and passive deterrence of possible aggression and undermining the sovereignty of the state.

What other special equipment is there?

Firefighting special equipment, special rescue equipment of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, special emergency medical equipment, special equipment of the security services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - groups of special equipment of special services.

All areas of human activity are closely related to each other, therefore, with so many processes, works and services that special machines need to perform daily, we can distinguish universal types of special equipment. For example, a huge variety of work from different fields can be performed by dump trucks, backhoe loaders, tractors and others.

Different types of special equipment may differ in another important factor: the control system. If in the past all mechanisms were controlled directly by a person, then in our time, in addition, a person can control the operation of special equipment from a distance, as well as transferring control to the hands of a computer, autopilot mode.

In the future, we will see robotic special equipment that can be controlled without human assistance at all. Artificial intelligence is being developed by leading information giants and is gradually entering our lives.

What is this?

Road construction equipment (road construction machines) is a stable name for a group of machines intended for construction work, as well as for the operation and maintenance of roads. Despite its widespread use, the term “road construction machines” is not established.

The term “road construction machines” is also used. For this class of machines, the abbreviations SDM and DSM are used.

It is divided into various classification divisions (levels). According to the general classifier of industrial products, construction machines are classified in the class “Construction and road machines”, which is divided into subclasses, groups, subgroups, types, subtypes and indices:

1. Class - a division of machines united by a common purpose in construction.
2. Subclass - a division of machines for a certain type of work.
3. A group is a division of machines that are similar in operating principle.
4. A subgroup is a division of machines united by a principle of operation, a method of performing a technological operation, a design diagram, limited by the values ​​of the main parameter.
5. Species - a variety of a given subgroup.
6. Subspecies is a variation of a given type, differing in design, for example, of a running device.
7. Index - a specific designation of a machine model of a given subtype.

All machines used for construction and installation work are divided into construction machines and road machines. Road ones include soil mixers, milling cutters, seam cutters, road mixture distributors, asphalt pavers, base profilers, and asphalt distributors. A separate group consists of manual, pneumatic and electric machines, i.e. power tools. The basis for the enlarged classification of construction equipment is the purpose of the machines.

TOP brands and manufacturers of special equipment

There are a huge variety of brands of special equipment, both Russian and foreign manufacturers. Each industrialized country has its own manufacturers of special equipment, but the quality and cost vary greatly, so it is important to make the right choice.

The TOP list of the world's largest manufacturers of special equipment is: Caterpillar, Komatsu, Volvo, Hitachi, Terex, Liebherr, JOHN DEERE, XCMG, Sany, DOOSAN, Hyundai, Zoomlion, Shantui. The top includes Japanese, Swedish, German, South Korean, Chinese, English, French, Finnish, Italian and American manufacturers. The world's leading manufacturers of special equipment are the USA, Japan, and China.

Russian manufacturers are not among the top brands of special equipment manufacturers; our equipment is used only in our country and the CIS. The largest are: Kamaz, Maz, GAZ, Chetra, ChTZ, Rosselmash, Kraz, Amkodor.

Chinese truck cranes

When purchasing a truck crane, the technical characteristics of the machine become the main determining factor. Chinese special equipment, which has long confirmed its reputation as reliable, high-performance and cheap to maintain, is the best alternative to expensive European models of truck cranes, and the best proof of its effectiveness can be the impressive achievements of the Chinese construction industry.

Our company offers equipment from XCMG (XuZhou Construction Machinery Group), one of the leading engineering and machine-building corporations in the Celestial Empire, which is a state-owned exemplary enterprise of category 863/CIMS. You can buy XCMG truck cranes of various lifting capacities from us and receive equipment with all permits from Rostechnadzor and operating instructions in Russian.

Other types of special purpose equipment

Automotive technology does not end with the types described above. There are many other technical means that can be used in several areas of industry at once, or, conversely, are used quite rarely. Let's take a quick look at them.

Pile driving equipment

It is clear from the name that these machines are designed to drive road fence posts and piles.

They are divided depending on:

• diameter and section;
• the ability to drive in composite structures;
• element lengths;
• the dimensions of the device itself;
• impact mass;
• the presence of electrohydraulic control;
• drive type.

Crushing and screening equipment

It is often used to obtain the required fraction of gravel and crushed stone and separate them depending on size.

In addition, this equipment copes with other tasks:

• production from non-metallic materials;
• washing;
• division of bulk products by type;
• crushing waste from metallurgical production;
• processing of asphalt concrete structures and other construction waste for recycling.

Construction cranes

If a multi-storey building is being built, then you cannot do without a truck crane. However, construction cranes exist of different types, different configurations, and different types.

According to their ability to move, construction cranes can be:

• Self-elevating.
• Self-propelled.
• Stationary.
• Removable.

According to the types of construction, construction cranes are divided into:

• Pavements.
• Tower.
• Arrowheads.
• Mast.
• Portal.

Naturally, when building a house, cranes that are less bulky and mobile are used. The most economical are cranes with an electric motor.

Of the rotary and fixed taps, preference should be given to the first.

The running gear of construction cranes is varied:

• Rails.
• Pneumatic wheels.
• Caterpillars.
• Floating pillow.
• Pneumatic wheels.
• Truck cranes.

The use of a truck crane in the construction of a private house should be advisable.

Hydraulic hammer

Sometimes housing construction occurs in areas with problematic soil. This is when you should turn to the help of a hydraulic hammer. It is often used as working equipment for excavators. The hydraulic hammer is used for processing strong rocks in the ground, as well as for driving piles into the ground. If the site is located in a lowland, then it is not advisable to dig a pit for the foundation; it is easier to immerse the piles under pressure.

A hydraulic hammer will serve an excellent purpose when demolishing an old home when the walls consist of reinforced concrete slabs.

Modern hydraulic hammers have a large number of functional features aimed at assisting in construction.

This construction equipment simplifies many jobs: breaking off large pieces of concrete or road surface during dismantling, driving piles, making holes, destroying rocky soil.

Some types of hydraulic hammers are mounted on other construction equipment, which is very convenient and economical.