History of the development of the Pickup body
The world knows cars that were driven by steam engines, reminiscent of a modern pickup truck; even self-propelled vehicles with a “basket tied to the back” in which the power unit was presented in the form of a low-power electric motor can be considered a pickup truck. For example, the Oldsmobile Box Body Runabout, which appeared in 1904, does vaguely resemble a modern pickup truck: it has an open cargo platform, a gasoline power unit, was mass-produced, but still has an open cab.
Oldsmobile Box Body Runabout
Today we will talk specifically about mass-produced vehicles that resemble a modern pickup truck, whose power unit was designed as an internal combustion engine.
The very first passenger cars with an open cargo platform and an enclosed cab, reminiscent of a modern pickup truck, appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in the USA and Europe. After 1915, large companies such as Ford, Dodge and Chevrolet began mass-producing pickup trucks. During those years, a pickup truck became the cheapest way to turn a car into a truck. The sharp popularity of “trucks” is due to the fact that in America small businesses, construction companies and farmers simply needed small commercial vehicles. The pickup truck could easily move both on asphalt roads and over rough terrain, while still carrying the necessary cargo. It’s not for nothing that the English word “pick-up” means “to pick up”, “to bring”, etc. We can say that a pickup truck is the same as a passenger car, only instead of the rear part, from the end of the front seats to the end of the body, there is a cargo trough. This solution turned out to be not only cheap, but also practical.
The most striking example of a pickup truck of that time, in my opinion, is the 1917 Chevrolet Light Delivery T (Truck). This car was equipped with a 37-horsepower gasoline engine, capable of accelerating the car to a speed of 40 km/h. The pickup truck's frame and chassis were reinforced, and its payload capacity was one ton. Even at the beginning of the car's release, you had to pay about a thousand dollars for it.
Chevrolet Light Delivery T (Truck) 1917
Gradually the body was modernized, and every year companies made the pickup more accessible and practical. His popularity was undoubtedly growing, especially in America. It is there that this body type is considered the best-selling today.
In the First World War, pickup trucks became almost the most necessary vehicles. At their base, vehicles were produced for transporting military equipment, mobile radio stations, ambulances and, of course, used as staff vehicles. In the 1920-1930s, machine guns, anti-aircraft guns and anti-tank weapons were installed on pickup trucks. Just imagine which body could be better suited than a pickup truck for such tasks?
Dodge T202 VC3 with a closed double cabin and installation for twin anti-aircraft machine guns
After the Second World War, pickup trucks began to be produced primarily on the basis of small cars, and even the first models with front drive wheels appeared.
Later, pickup trucks found their use in law enforcement services, fire departments and even racing. In the Soviet Union, things didn’t work out as we would like with pickup trucks. The cars produced with such a body can be counted on one hand.
In the USSR, the first pickup trucks were the GAZ 4 and M415 models, produced in the 1930s under license from Ford. The power unit installed on these models was capable of developing about 50 hp, and its load capacity was 500 kg. These cars were produced until 1941. Unfortunately, the production of these pickup trucks was never resumed after the Great Patriotic War.
GAZ M415
It is worth noting the small-scale production of such pickup trucks in the USSR as the Zaporozhets (ZAZ-968P) and Moskvich-2140. But the practicality of these cars left much to be desired. For example, Zaporozhets didn’t even have any folding sides. Although foreign analogues at that time had already stepped far forward.
ZAZ-968P
Pickup truck “Moskvich”
Chevrolet Kodiak C4500 Pickup/ GMC TopKick C4500 Pickup
Chevrolet project from 2006. Such pickups are produced in small series. The latter amounted to 750 copies per year. I equip cars with diesel engines 6.6 Duramax V8 with a power of 360 hp and 705 Nm. The pickup accelerates to 100 km/h in 14.4 seconds, can take 2.2 tons on board and still tow a trailer with a load of up to 6.5 tons. Similar cars cost from 70 to 90 thousand dollars.
Types of modern pickup trucks
Car pickups
Brazilian passenger pickup Fiat Strada G3b in Off-road style
Russian LADA 4×4 Pickup (VAZ-2329) based on the Niva SUV
Includes models such as:
- Chevrolet SSR
- Fiat Strada
- Holden Crewman
- Holden Ute
- LADA 4×4 Pickup (VAZ-2329, Lada Niva Pickup)
- Dacia Logan Pick-Up
- VIS-2345
- VIS-2346
- VIS-2347
Compact pickups
2006 Ford Ranger 2008 Mitsubishi L200 (Crew Cab)
Compact Pickups
are the most common pickup trucks around the world. They are built on a frame chassis with a small cabin, with leaf spring suspension on the rear wheels and with small-volume gasoline or diesel engines with 4 or 6 cylinders.
At the moment, compact pickup trucks include such models as:
- Great Wall Sailor
- Great Wall Wingle
- Ford Ranger
- Isuzu D-Max
- Nissan NP300
- Mazda BT-50
- Mitsubishi L200
- Toyota Hilux
Mid-size pickups
2008 Dodge Dakota
Includes models such as:
- Great Wall Deer
- Chevrolet Colorado
- Dodge Dakota
- GMC Canyon
- Honda Ridgeline
- Nissan Navara/Frontier
- SsangYong Actyon Sports
- Suzuki Equator
- Toyota Tacoma
- UAZ Patriot Pickup
Full-size pickups (King Size)
Full-size pickups
- large cars, usually at least 5.5 meters in length and about 2 meters in width. The main factor is the "full size" 5-passenger cabin with two rows of seats and, in most cases, two doors. The main market is North America. The main manufacturers are Ford, General Motors and
- Chevrolet Silverado 2500/3500
- GMC Sierra 2500/3500
- Dodge Ram 2500/3500
- Ford F-250/F-350/F-450 Super Duty
2nd category
- heavy versions, designated 2500 (250) - 4500 (450).
These are already light trucks, the total weight exceeds 3500 kg. Designed for transportation in the back of 1100-2700 kg and transportation of heavy trailers with a total weight of 6-11 tons. The cars are equipped with both gasoline engines with a volume of 5.4-6.8 liters and diesel engines with a volume of 5.9-7.3 liters. Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD Crew Cab
- Cadillac Escalade EXT
- Chevrolet Avalanche
- Chevrolet Silverado 1500
- GMC Sierra 1500
- Dodge Ram 1500
- Ford F-150
- Lincoln Mark LT
- Nissan Titan
- Toyota Tundra
1st category
- light versions, designated 1500 (150) and have a load capacity of 500-1200 kg.
They have a total weight of less than 3500 kg and are classified as passenger cars. Currently, cars of this class are equipped exclusively with gasoline engines of 4-6 liters. Dodge Ram 1500 Quad Cab
Full-size pickups are divided into two main categories:
Giant pickup trucks
International CXT
In 2004, International introduced the world's largest pickup truck, the International CXT.
. The vehicle was created on the basis of the Medium Truck International 7300, with a permissible gross weight of 20 tons.
Dimensions L/W/H - 6550/2438/2750 mm
Wheelbase - 4540 mm
Vehicle weight - 6.6 tons
Load capacity - 5.5 tons
Permissible trailer weight - 17.5 tons
Engines - In-line diesel 6-cylinder with a volume of 7.6 and 9.3 liters, power 245-310 hp.
Automatic 5-speed Allison 2500HD
Four-wheel drive
Price in America is 93-115 thousand dollars. In Russia from 4 million rubles.
Then came International RXT
, unlike the previous model, off-road operation is not provided.
And finally, the more compact, off-road International MXT
, its modified and armored version
of the MXT-MV
, was highly praised by the Pentagon and will soon replace the familiar Hummers (HMMWV) in the American army.
International MXT
Dimensions L/W/H - 6300/2438/2286 mm
Ground clearance - 300 mm
Vehicle weight - 4.8 tons
Load capacity - 1.8 tons
Permissible trailer weight - 7 tons
Engine - International VT365 Diesel V8, 6 liters, 300 hp. and MKM=720 Nm
Automatic 5-speed Allison 2200 RDS
Four-wheel drive
Wheels – Pro Comp 40×13.50 R20
Price in America is 89.5-130 thousand dollars. Naturally, after this, other truck manufacturers were not left out. Pickup trucks based on the Ford F-650
,
Freightliner M2
,
Chevrolet Kodiak
,
GMC TopKick
. The latter has already appeared in the film “Transformers”, in the role of one of the space robots (“Ironhide”).
Armored army pickup truck International MXT-MV | 2008 Ford F-650 | GMC TopKick |
History[edit]
The MXT-MV was designed and developed by the International Military and Government Division of Navistar International (now Navistar Defense) and a subsidiary of Navistar International called Diamond Force Engineering (which was based in Dearborn Heights, Michigan). Development was led by Jim Bartel, Dick Reef, Wes Schultz, Ron Bird, John Glass, Paul Klein and Britt Smart. [2] The MXT-MV was displayed at the 2005 Association of the United States Army (AUSA) annual exhibition held in October at the Washington Convention Center. [3] [4] The following August, the MXT-MVA version was demonstrated to the US Army at the Aberdeen Proving Ground exhibition. [5] The MXT-MVA was submitted to Navistar in the 2008 qualifying competition for the US Army's MRAP All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV) program, but the Army chose to procure the Oshkosh M-ATV instead.
In 2009, a modified version of the MXT-MVA was ordered for service with the British Army. This variant is known as the Husky in British military service. The Husky was ordered to replace the British Army's Snatch Land Rovers in Afghanistan, which had proven inadequate to protect occupants from improvised explosive devices. [6] [7] Initially, 262 vehicles were ordered. In 2010, an additional order was placed for 89 vehicles worth US$56 million. [8]
Advantages and disadvantages of a pickup truck
Of course, each car has its own advantages and disadvantages. First, the advantages:
1. Purpose of purchase and its main purpose: transportation or transportation of goods. Not as wide as a truck. Not as expensive as an SUV. Most pickup trucks have a payload capacity of several tons. You can put both a motorcycle and bulky luggage in the platform at the back - the base of the car will support everything.
2. High cross-country ability on roads.
3. A sign of wealth. Many people think that voluminous cars can be afforded by wealthy people. Whether this is true or not, you can always check from your own experience.
Of course, pickup trucks have disadvantages:
1. High fuel consumption. The car has excellent road handling in any weather, great dynamics and power, but the amount of gasoline understates the advantages. High fuel consumption is associated primarily with the main task of the vehicle: transporting cargo weighing several tons.
2. The pickup truck has a stiff suspension. Not everyone can get used to driving a passenger car. However, pickup truck manufacturers constantly notice and correct this negative side. Modifications appear in modern cars. Now the pickups drive smoothly and smoothly - a small plus out of the minus.
Ford F-650 XLT Super Duty
The car is a hard worker with a capital letter. It might cost a lot. A normally equipped Ford F-650 XLT will cost about 100 thousand dollars. For that kind of money you can get at your disposal an excellent pickup truck equipped with a Power Stroke V8 turbodiesel unit with a volume of 6.7 liters and a power of 330 hp. Torque is an impressive 983 Nm. Transmission – automatic, 6-speed. The maximum load of a road train can reach 22 tons.
Features of choosing a pickup truck
The answer to the question of which pickup truck is better to choose does not require a clear answer, since each owner presents his own selection criteria. The determining factor for many is the ratio of price and quality parameters, but the cost of a car does not always indicate excellent performance on Russian roads.
A specific feature of such a car is the spaciousness of the body, since it is often purchased by hunters and business representatives for transporting goods. When compiling a rating of which pickup truck is the best and most reliable, a large number of factors are taken into account. The main ones include:
- reliability indicators and period of trouble-free driving;
- maintainability and availability of basic spare parts;
- quality of operation of the clutch and main components;
- metal resistance to external influences and corrosion;
- ride comfort and noise absorption properties.
The best pickup truck for Russia does not always demonstrate the highest engine power, since options with relatively low horsepower values can demonstrate excellent traction characteristics.
The rating of pickup trucks for reliability on the secondary market allows you to obtain information about the most popular and in-demand vehicles, and the purchase of such a vehicle provides significant opportunities for savings. Before purchasing, it is necessary to compare the number of previous owners and mileage figures, since many car owners often resort to inflating the mileage. If you have doubts about the reliability of the indicators or suspect the presence of serious defects, it is better to seek the services of a specialist.
The most reliable pickups
The reliability rating of pickup trucks in Russia will allow you to choose a win-win option, since the advantages of such vehicles have been confirmed by drivers and specialists. An indirect indicator is the number of cars sold, on the basis of which one can judge the demand for the offer.
Toyota Hilux
The “standard” version of the car is presented on the market with a 2.4 liter turbodiesel engine with a power of 150 hp. It has a 6-speed manual transmission and all-wheel drive transmission. Fuel consumption on the highway is 6.4 liters per 100 km, and in urban conditions it can increase to 8.9 liters. The lower cost limit for the simplest configuration is set at 2.4 million rubles.
The car stands out among competitors in terms of safety and comfort of movement in winter. The pickup is equipped with the following functionality:
- traction control (A-TRC) anti-lock braking (ABS) systems;
- side and knee airbags for the driver;
- availability of the ability to call the emergency operational service "Era Glonass";
- VSC, HAC and EBD systems;
- Brake Assist BAS.
The car is equipped with an engine and seat heater, an additional electric interior heater and heated rear-view mirrors. The driver can select the driving mode system (ECO, NORMAL or POWER) and air conditioning using manual control.
Many buyers note the unique design and ease of use of the pickup truck, equipped with power steering and four-way mechanical adjustment of the front seats. The disadvantages include a rather weak chassis, complaints about the quality of the leather used for upholstery, and expensive maintenance.
Mitsubishi L200
The updated Mitsubishi L200 model was presented in the fall of 2018, and the internal design and technical characteristics of the car underwent significant changes. The model is valued for its masculine design, implemented within the framework of the Dynamic Shield concept. The car is equipped with an improved all-wheel drive system, which provides excellent off-road performance and handling.
An ultra-economical 2.4-liter gasoline unit with 154 l/s or a 181-horsepower turbodiesel, which operate with a 5-speed automatic transmission or a 6-speed manual transmission. The following versions are available on the Russian market:
- Invite - the simplest configuration is equipped with steel wheels, a black radiator grille and halogen lamps, and there is air conditioning;
- Invite+ - the car is equipped with electric drive, heated side mirrors and front seats, electric windows;
- Intense - the equipment has fog lights and allows you to control it using a remote key.
The car exhibits excellent safety performance as it has 2 front airbags to ensure safety. More expensive configurations are equipped with additional side and knee elements. Quality reliability is also ensured by a range of active systems, including ABS, ASTC, TSA and EBD.
Rear and front parking sensors and the possibility of all-round visibility increase the operating comfort. An automatic braking system and a blind spot assistant can provide assistance in difficult situations. The lower cost limit for the simplest configuration is set at 2 million rubles.
Volkswagen Amarok
They say about the German Amarok pickup truck that it is not familiar with off-road obstacles and behaves flawlessly on asphalt surfaces. The car belongs to the premium class category, has an attractive appearance and a “masculine” character. Owners note the enormous strength of the frame structures, modern electronics and impressive power.
The Amarok Trendline package has the following functionality:
- semi-automatic air conditioning;
- electric windows;
- lock with remote control and control from inside;
The car provides heated front seats with the ability to separately adjust the temperature. The advantage of the car is excellent handling, good ground clearance and high load capacity.
Optionally available is the 4MOTION permanent all-wheel drive system, a 3 liter V6 TDI engine and an 8-speed gearbox. In the luxury package, you can get alloy wheels and stainless metal running boards, equipped with built-in LED lighting.
"Vepr Next"
The debut of the first prototype of the “Vepr” took place back in 2017. The basis of the new vehicle was the Sadko Next all-terrain vehicle, which in turn was made on the basis of the GAZ-66. Ultimately, the Vepr was equipped with a 4.4-liter YaMZ-534 engine with a power of 149 hp and 490 Nm of torque. The car has continuous axles, a self-locking cross-axle differential, and a pneumatic tire inflation system. Ground clearance is 315 mm. The machine has a winch as standard. “Vepr” easily passes through a ford with a depth of 950 mm and can carry up to 2.5 tons. This one costs about 2.9 million rubles.
Continuing the topic, you can read about how GAZ presented the new extreme pickup truck “Vepr Next”.
Passability rating
We have identified 7 pickup trucks that performed well off-road:
- UAZ Pickup
- Mitsubishi L200
- Ford Ranger
- SsangYong Actyon Sports
- Toyota Hilux
- Volkswagen Amarok
- Nissan Navara
These models are capable of putting even some serious SUVs to shame. And if the buyer wants to go off-road with his car, then he should pay attention to the models from this list. And now more about each pickup truck.
UAZ Pickup
Pickup from Russia.
Surprisingly, it was the Russian pickup truck, built on the basis of the UAZ Patriot, that took first place in the Off-road drive rating. It may not be distinguished by design, build quality, or comfort, but it feels great far outside the city.
Mitsubishi L200
Japanese all-terrain vehicle Mitsubishi L200.
The car has an impressive ground clearance (about 222 mm), which allows it to cope with serious off-road conditions. This is facilitated by the presence of modern locks and an advanced all-wheel drive system. The most popular version includes a 2.5-liter diesel engine with 178 horsepower.
One of the disadvantages is the overly long rear overhang - 1500 mm, which can interfere with active driving. Also, reviews from motorists highlight sluggish steering and not the highest quality plastics in the cabin.
Ford Ranger
Bright American Ford Ranger.
The Ford Ranger sits below the L200 due to its track focus, but the model also delivers excellent off-road performance. Its main advantages are a spacious interior and a high level of equipment. The most popular version is the Ranger with a 2.2-liter diesel unit and a 6-speed gearbox.
The disadvantages include an amateurish interior and exterior, shortcomings in ergonomics and a lethargic diesel engine. In any case, the car is worthy of third place in the ranking of off-road pickup trucks. UPD. Official sales in Russia have been suspended.
SsangYong Actyon Sports
Unexpectedly passable SsangYong Actyon Sports.
Korean companies rarely delight us with decent pickup trucks, but the SsangYong Actyon Sports exceeded all expectations. This is an affordable, yet powerful car that can handle serious off-road conditions. The most successful version includes a 2-liter 149-horsepower gasoline engine and a 6-speed automatic transmission.
The SsangYong Actyon Sports has economy and excellent handling, but at the same time the dynamics on the highway suffer. Another drawback is the too short loading platform (1305 mm).
Toyota Hilux
Legendary reliability, comfort, efficiency - this is the Toyota Hilux. In terms of cross-country ability, things are worse; the pickup truck is significantly ahead of the Toyota Highlander, but it’s simply very far from the Land Cruiser.
Now the pickup truck is a little outdated, but the new 8th generation, which entered the market this year, will add advantages to the Hilux in all characteristics.
New Toyota Hilux 8th generation.
Volkswagen Amarok
Strict German Volkswagen Amarok
The German Amarok is a solid, expensive car with an emphasis on power and stability. But this did not prevent him from taking sixth place in the cross-country ability rating.
Despite its heavy weight, the car has low fuel consumption - 8.3 liters per 100 km in the combined cycle. The only negative of the Amarok is the price; also, some may not like the gloomy interior of the cabin.
Links[edit]
- "Archive copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2022.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- International MXT-MVA Extreme armored vehicle
- “New armored personnel carrier offers better armor capabilities” (press release). Navistar International. October 3, 2005. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- Dockery, Kevin (April 2006). "2005 Association of the United States Army (AUSA) Annual Meeting". SmallArmsReview.com
. Retrieved March 11, 2022. - “International Military and Government LLC unveils new armored military truck for the US Army at Aberdeen Proving Ground; International MXT-MVA is being demonstrated to senior military personnel" (press release). Navistar International. August 14, 2006. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- "Apology to families of soldiers killed in Iraq while traveling in Land Rovers Snatch". Yorkshire Post
. JPIMedia Publishing Ltd. August 18, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2021. - Hopkins, Nick (9 December 2011). “The Ministry of Defense has divided billions from the main budget, but is unable to supply the necessary equipment.” The keeper
. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved March 11, 2022. - "Navistar wins $56 million contract for Husky vehicles from UK Ministry of Defense". DefenseWorld.net
. September 8, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2022. - "Heavier Armored Platforms Required - Impressions from AUSA 06". Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
- https://www.internationaldelivers.com/site_layout/m militarybusiness/
Intl_MXT_MV.asp - "Navistar Defense unveils its Husky tactical support vehicle at UK motor show". euroinvestor.co.uk. 2009-06-24. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- "Navistar ax 275 workers at West Point". NEMS360.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- "Oshkosh Wins ATV MRAP Contract". quicktake.morningstar.com. 2010-01-27. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- April 7, 2009 3:12 pm ET (April 7, 2009). "Navistar MXT makes UK breakthrough". defenseindustrydaily.com. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
What do Russian manufacturers offer?
The reliability rating of pickup trucks in Russia awarded the UAZ Pickup the title of a serious vehicle capable of operating under various conditions and on road surfaces of any quality. Its load capacity is 725 kg, and the size of the cargo platform allows you to safely transport large items.
The most reliable domestically assembled pickup truck allows you to choose the option of a diesel or gasoline engine, and in combination with a manual gearbox, the unit provides excellent dynamics. In the combined cycle and gasoline version, the consumption will be 115 liters per 100 km, and in the diesel version - 9.5 liters.
Cars of the Patriot family will delight you with a new design of the dashboard and steering wheel. Convenience and comfort of operation will be provided by air conditioning and a built-in heating system. Significant changes are demonstrated by the “Classic” version, since the equipment includes heated and electric mirrors, athermal glass types and electric lifts on the front doors.
The advantage of the best Russian-made pickup truck is a spring suspension with an anti-roll bar. The car provides good visibility, high ground clearance, low fuel consumption and excellent maneuverability. The lower cost limit for the simplest configuration is set at 830,000 rubles.
Best Pickup Truck Manufacturers
The coolest pickup trucks are traditionally presented by the leaders of the global automotive industry. They are characterized by high-quality assembly, excellent maneuverability and load capacity. Initially, such cars were focused exclusively on transporting goods, so the first generation was often equipped with only one row of seats. Among modern models you can find options with two rows of seats and a capacity of 4 to 6 people.
The ranking of top pickup truck manufacturers includes the following companies:
- Ford (Ranger);
- Toyota (Hilux);
- Volkswagen (Amarok)
- Nissan (Navara).
Mitsubishi, Isuzu and a number of other manufacturers also stand out among the leaders. Auto experts note the Hilux from Toyota, so when choosing which pickup truck to choose, it is recommended to pay attention to offers from the best manufacturers.
Options [edit]
Available in three different cab configurations: Regular Cab, Extended Cab and Crew Cab.
MXT-MV[edit]
Standard unarmored version.
MXT-MVA[edit]
The MXT-MVA (Military Extreme Truck) was developed by the Israeli car manufacturer Plasan. [9] It offers a choice of two removable armor kits, dubbed A-Kit and B-Kit, with increased levels of protection against bullets, mines and improvised explosive devices. [10]
Husky TSV [edit]
The Husky is a variant of the MXT-MVA modified to meet the requirements of the United Kingdom Ministry of Defense under the British Army's Tactical Support Vehicle (TSV) program. [eleven]
M-ATV[edit]
Navistar built its rejected M-ATV candidate by sharing some powertrain and suspension components with the MXT, but with a completely unique chassis. This defense system was developed by Navistar rather than its usual MXT and MRAP partner, Plasan. [12] [13]
Pickup, sedan or station wagon. Which is better to choose?
In this case, it all depends on the purpose of operation. If you are a member of the middle class and live in a multi-storey or private house within the city, then choosing a pickup truck as a means of daily transportation will be extremely irrational. Even the most economical types of pickup trucks are much more thirsty than the same sedans or station wagons. But if you are a lover of, say, active outdoor recreation or just a businessman who constantly needs to transport certain goods or medium-sized cargo from place to place, then such a car will become your faithful assistant. Therefore, before making your choice, think carefully about the purposes for which you will most often use your car.
conclusions
- The leader was predicted to be L200 - 4.2 points. But, alas, for many Japanese is too expensive.
- In second place is domestic development: UAZ scored 3.7 points.
- Finally, the Chinese close the top three - Deer has 3.6 points , but there are very few really bad reviews.
In general, it turns out that any of these three pickups has a right to life, you just need to not make a mistake in choosing a specific instance.
Sources
- https://family-auto.ru/pikap/
- https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1094202
- https://AvtoTachki.com/chto-takoe-pikap-preimushhestva-i-nedostatki/
- https://topavtoclub.ru/kakoj-pikap-samyj-luchshij-i-nadezhnyj/
- https://napikape.ru/rejting-pikapov-rossii/
- https://favorit-motors.ru/articles/vybor-avtomobilya/pikap/
- https://autoclub99.ru/2020/05/vybiraem-pikap-na-vtorichke-kakyu-model-hvaliat-vladelcy/