Excavator YuMZ: technical characteristics

The small domestic tractor YuMZ is a tireless worker and assistant for farms where there is no need to use large self-propelled units. The technical characteristics of the YuMZ-6 tractor allow the equipment to be used both for serious work on farm fields and for performing various economic tasks. The tractor was produced between 1966 and 2001. The main manufacturer of equipment was the Southern Machine-Building Plant. After production ceased, it was replaced by a modified tractor of the MTZ-1221 series.

Tractor YuMZ-6

History of creation

Even during the Great Patriotic War, construction of a large automobile plant began in Dnepropetrovsk. Later, the specialization of the enterprise was changed, and it switched to the production of products of the military-industrial complex. "Southern Machine-Building Plant" became one of the leading enterprises of the Soviet military-industrial complex. The production of rocketry, spacecraft, engines was established here. Along with military products, Yuzhmash also produced civilian equipment - equipment, tractors.

The YuMZ-6 tractor model was based on the concept of the MTZ-5 “Belarus” machine, produced by the Minsk Tractor Plant. The modernized and modified design turned out to be very successful and in demand. It is enough to note that two years after the start of mass production, the 100,000th tractor rolled off the Yuzhmash assembly line.

The factor of the plant’s belonging to the military-industrial complex also played an important role in the success of the model - strict military acceptance was in force here, thanks to which the quality of the products was given paramount importance.

Main characteristics of tractor equipment

The production of tractors was established in Dnepropetrovsk (now the city of Dnepr, Ukraine) in 1996. The basis for the technical characteristics of the YuMZ-6KL tractor was the image of the MTZ-5 series. Considering that the plant’s production capacity in the distant 60s of the last century was aimed at the defense industry, it was possible to implement to the maximum possible technical solutions that ensure the reliability and durability of new generation tractor equipment.

For a defense plant, the rules of military acceptance were acceptable, and this did not bypass the YuMZ-6 tractor, which immediately secured the fame of “indestructible equipment.” To ensure the reliability of the facts, the following figures can be cited: the first production of equipment began in 1966, and exactly 2 years later the plant received an order for the production of 100 thousand units. At the same time, the layout of the tractor looked quite classic - the main semi-frame of the machine, where the front axle mechanism was located, as well as a four-stroke engine. At the rear of the vehicle there was a working cabin for the operator of the equipment.

The unit was maximally adapted to work in low-temperature conditions, despite the fact that faults were identified in the power steering of the YuMZ-6 AKL tractor. The equipment started up perfectly at a temperature of -40C, and there were no malfunctions at a temperature of +40C. Initially, the manufacturer decided to make the products unified customer-oriented - towards the agricultural producer. A little later it became clear that aggregate equipment would be needed by builders, utility workers, and production workers at the enterprise. Additional and attachments made it possible to expand the technical capabilities of tractor equipment; it is enough to mention the plow of the PPO 8-40 series, which increased the performance of the machine hundreds of times in comparison with manual labor.

Design

The tractor is built according to the classic “tractor” concept. The basis of the structure is a half-frame welded from a pair of channels and a cross beam. The transmission unit is bolted to the semi-frame. The power unit, gearbox and axle are assembled into a single bolted unit mounted on a semi-frame.

The maximum permissible weight of the YuMZ-6 tractor with attachments is 3.9 tons, without attachments – 3.3 tons. The tractor can be operated with a trailer weighing no more than 6 tons.

Tractor YuMZ-6 - a legend of the Soviet agricultural industry from a defense plant

The YuMZ-6 tractor is a universal wheeled vehicle with a tractive effort of 1.4 tons. Now this unit is no longer produced - the last copy came off the assembly line back in 2001 (and the first in 1966). The tractor was designed to help in agricultural work, in which it was very successful, earning the title of a legend of the Soviet agricultural industry. Many copies operate successfully to this day.

Cabin

The tractor received a cabin that was quite comfortable and ergonomic for its time, with sound insulation. Thanks to the all-round glazing, excellent visibility is provided from the tractor driver's workplace. The spacious cabin is sufficiently sealed to prevent dust from entering the cabin when working on construction sites. Natural ventilation is provided through the sunroof and opening rear window.

The tractor steering column is adjustable in height and tilt. The steering wheel is equipped with a hydraulic booster. The cabin is equipped with a lighting lamp, a heater, and an electric fan. The interior is equipped with a first aid kit, a bag with a set of tools and a thermos.

The cabin is attached to the chassis through rubber shock absorbers, which reduces vibration and stiffness of the suspension.

Engine YuMZ-6

The tractors were produced equipped with two types of diesel power plants D65 and D-241-71. Early versions of the tractor were equipped with a D-241-71 diesel engine with a power of 45.6 horsepower and a displacement of 4.75 liters. The base for the tractor was the 5-liter D-65 engine with a power of 60 horses. This 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine with a direct fuel injection system had an in-line vertical arrangement of cylinders. The engine is started by a starting device or an electric starter.

The power unit was equipped with air cooling, lubrication and fuel supply systems.

The tractor engine is combined with a power take-off shaft, which is necessary to operate various attachments. The YuMZ-6 engines with which the tractor was equipped were famous for their reliability, durability and high repairability.

The car was equipped with a fuel tank with a capacity of 90 liters. The operating speed of the tractor is 11 km/h, the maximum speed in transport mode is 25 km/h. In reverse mode, the tractor reaches a speed of 5.7 km/h.

Excavator YuMZ: technical characteristics

The excavator, produced on the basis of the YuMZ tractor, has undergone virtually no modifications over the several decades of its existence. The line of YuMZ excavator models is represented by equipment that does not differ significantly from each other in the power of the engines and hydraulic system, as well as in dimensions and load capacity. YuMZ excavators belong to the class of medium-heavy universal equipment, which is actively used by domestic agricultural, road construction and municipal enterprises.

Purpose of the YuMZ excavator

Initially, the YuMZ excavator was used to perform various work in agriculture. With the addition of some modifications and functions of the model line of this equipment, the machine turned into a full-fledged universal backhoe loader.

Based on a reliable and powerful tractor, it is used to perform tasks in difficult climatic conditions and harmful environmental influences without loss of performance:

• digging trenches, pits and ditches;
• loading and unloading of various types of cargo;
• leveling the territory with multi-level relief;
• development and loosening of rocky soils in quarries;
• clearing the area of ​​debris or snow;
• dismantling of buildings;
• installation of simple single-level reinforced concrete structures;
• drilling of the wells;
• performing field agricultural work related to cultivation, loosening of soil and harvesting.

The YuMZ excavator is adapted to operate under critical temperature conditions. When performing a task in sub-zero temperatures, it is capable of loosening frozen soil. The power characteristics of the hydraulics and engine are sufficient to easily open the asphalt surface.

Basic structure of YuMZ excavators

The ordinary YuMZ-6 tractor of draft class 1.4, the prototype of which is the MTZ tractor, became the basis for several modifications of YuMZ excavator-loading equipment. The traditional semi-frame base consists of a strapping frame and a bulldozer support frame. To operate the working equipment, a rotary column and a boom with a bucket are used. Drives of working equipment are hydraulic.

The basic design uses piston hydraulic cylinders. Both hydraulic drives are completely independent devices, the operation of which is ensured by one tank. The functioning of the boom and bucket in the YuMZ excavator is ensured by one of the hydraulic drives using a distributor and pumps. The second hydraulic drive ensures the operation of the bulldozer shovel, supports and turning mechanism.

The popularity of this equipment is explained by its versatility and the fact that most of the attachments are unified. Small dimensions make it possible to operate in urban environments, or in areas where access to large construction equipment is limited. The wheelbase ensures the excavator's mobility and good maneuverability.

YuMZ excavator models

The YuMZ line of excavators has repeatedly undergone some changes, which manifested themselves in the appearance of several popular modifications of this equipment:

• YuMZ 6L is not much different from MTZ tractors, except for a modified radiator grille with slightly rounded shapes.
• YuMZ 6KL differs from its counterparts in its enhanced hydraulics and overall design. Positioned as equipment for performing heavy work on an industrial scale.
• EO 2621A is the most advanced model of the MTZ excavator, which is most often found in construction or when performing road restoration and repair work.
• YuMZ PE-F-1B is a multifunctional machine used mainly for loading and unloading operations with piece and bulk cargo. When performing earthmoving work, it is not inferior in performance to narrow-profile excavators.

All backhoe loading equipment is based on the YuMZ-6 tractor, the technical characteristics of which correspond to high performance indicators. These tractors have long been out of production, but they can still be found in operation. YuMZ excavators have several advantages among similar equipment - affordable price and quality of materials, which guarantee reliability, durability and ease of maintenance.

Technical and operational characteristics

YuMZ excavators are equipped with power plants in the form of one of two engines – D65 and D242. These are four-cylinder diesel units, popularly called simply aspirated. The use of such motors greatly simplifies equipment maintenance and reduces the cost of ongoing repairs. D65 with a volume of 4.94 liters and a power of 60 hp. was additionally equipped with a starting system in the form of an electric starter. The D242 has a smaller volume of 4.75 liters and produces 62 hp.

The five-speed gearbox is equipped with double gears and a dry clutch. The excavator can move along terrain with a slope of up to 10 degrees. When moving from one object to another, it reaches speeds of up to 25 km/h. Fuel consumption in operating mode with load does not exceed 12 l/hour.

The hydraulic system of the YuMZ excavator consists of the following components:

• oil filling tank;
• hydraulic valves on the YuMZ excavator serve for more precise control of working equipment;
• hydraulic cylinders of the boom and turning mechanism;
• pumps, pipes and hoses.

Comfortable control of the YuMZ excavator is ensured by power steering.

Features of operation and maintenance of YuMZ excavators

YuMZ excavators, commonly called “Petushok”, are capable of fully digging no more than 4 meters in their best configuration, with the 5.5 meters declared by the manufacturer.

The standard bulldozer shovel proved to be ineffective in operation, given its insufficient width. Converting excavators yourself can entail legal and technical burdens.

With careful operation, the clutch works without problems for 5-7 years, which is not typical for similar excavator equipment.

Video

Suspension, steering and braking system

The chassis of the YuMZ-6 tractor consists of a rear axle, clutch, gearbox and rigid suspension of the front axle. The front axle of the tractor is simple and reliable. It is secured with one attachment point on the front crossbar.

The design includes a mechanism for controlling transmission forces and a flow clutch.

The power steering mechanism is driven by a hydraulic unit without an automatic control system. On modified versions of the tractor, a steering column adjustable in height and angle was installed.

The machine had a high center of gravity, which is why the permissible tilt angle was set at only 10 degrees, but in operation the machine significantly exceeded this figure.

The YuMZ-6 tractor is equipped with drum brakes that are autonomous for each wheel. This design simplifies control and allows you to maneuver by braking with different wheels. Increased cross-country ability of the vehicle is ensured by a rear differential locking system.

Device

Engine

The diesel engine of one of two models (60 or 62 horsepower) with four cylinders arranged in a row is not turbocharged. To start it, either a starting motor or an electric starter can be used (this depended on the engine version).

Transmission

The transmission type of this model is mechanical, with nine speeds. To control the unit drive gearbox and the gearbox (five-speed, with movable gears), one lever is used. The steering column can be adjusted both in height (infinitely variable) and by rotating it (there are four fixed positions). The steering wheel is controlled using a hydraulic booster.

Chassis

The wheels located at the rear are controlled by a rigid suspension with a mechanical differential lock. The front wheels (through which the turn is carried out) have a portal rigid suspension. Braking is performed by dry disc brakes. The track of the rear wheels changes smoothly. On the rear wall of the gearbox and rear axle there is a special bracket designed to secure attachments in front of the tractor (front hitch). Transmission diagram of the YuMZ-6 tractor

1 – primary shaft; 2 – coupling bolt; 3 – drive gear; 4 – pressure plates; 5, 31 – glasses; 6 – intermediate roller; 7 – adjusting gasket; 8 – ball bearing; 9 – gear for engaging second and fourth gears; 10 – gear shift rollers; 11 – shift roller clamp; 12 – locking roller; 13 – locking roller lock; 14 – traction; 15 – drawstring; 16 – switch; 17 – emphasis; 18 – axis; 19 – lever for engaging the PTO drive clutch lock; 20 – rocking chair; 21 – spring-loaded latch; 22 – stand; 23 – gear shift lever; 24 – bolt; 25 – gear shift column housing; 26 – fork; 27 – lever stop; 28 – gear for engaging first gear and reverse gear; 29 – secondary shaft; 30 – roller bearing; 32 – gear for engaging third and fifth gears; 33 – round nut; 34 – reverse drive gear; 35 – drive gear of the first gear; 36 – third gear drive gear; 37 – intermediate shaft; 38 – drive gear of fourth and fifth gears; 39 – drive gear of the second gear; 40 – thrust ring; 41 – oil drain plug; 42 – constant mesh gear; 43 – gearbox housing; 44 – PTO drive shaft.

Modifications

The tractor was produced for three decades, and over these years the company's designers regularly improved the machine and expanded its capabilities. Thanks to this, several modifications of the machine appeared:

• YuMZ-6L - the main difference from the base model was the presence of a starting engine to start the car;
• YuMZ-6AL - modification with an updated brake system, dashboard and radiator grille;
• YuMZ-6K is a modification for construction and industrial enterprises. Units for fastening agricultural attachments have been replaced by fastening systems for a bulldozer blade and an excavator bucket. In addition, the tractor was equipped with an expanded cabin;
• YuMZ-6AK is a vehicle with an adjustable steering column and a new cabin with an increased level of comfort.

Technical equipment of aggregate equipment

Agricultural machinery belongs to traction class category 1.4. This indicates that the tractor can be used in all industries. The equipment is equipped with pneumatic tires with low pressure parameters, which makes it possible to travel on any type of road if there are lug components. Additionally, the machine has the following equipment:

• Hydraulic system, separate-unit version.
• High-quality electrical equipment, powered by a 12-volt network.
• Reliable pneumatic system.
• Components and mechanisms for rear mounting of equipment.

The steering is provided with a reinforced layout with hydraulic booster elements. High-quality rotation of the front wheels is carried out due to a trapezoid, which is stretched through the longitudinal type of traction of the machine. The rod has a direct connection to the shaft of the 3-spoke version of the steering wheel technology through a cardan transmission system.

The brake system is made in three versions - pneumatic, shoe or spoke. The brakes are controlled by a pedal. The parking mode of the machine is performed using a lever, which has a ratchet-based fastening.

Driver's cabin

Comfortable workplace and excellent visibility. The operator's seat is adjusted using special mechanisms. The dashboard contains the main types and visualization components that allow you to determine the technical condition of the tractor based on the specific state of affairs.

Cabin and dashboard of the YuMZ-6KL tractor

Attachments

The manufacturer allows the use of special attachments for the tractor, such as a plow, harrow, agricultural cultivator, seeder, etc. It is allowed to use auxiliary equipment for work - compressors, welding units. Standard trailers, semi-trailers and containers of various sizes are used as trailers.

Modifications

The manufacturer produced several modifications of the equipment, in particular:

• YuMZ series - 6 L. In its design it was reminiscent of MTZ-5.
• YUMZ series – 6AL. The radiator grille has been changed and the general operating principle of the brake system has been improved.
• YuMZ series - 6 K. The model range did not have attachments for agricultural equipment. It was possible to attach a bulldozer blade and an additional excavator bucket.
• YuMZ series - 6 AK. Improved steering column control mechanism. The cabin design has been changed.

The last tractor rolled off the assembly line 15 years ago. Due to its small overall dimensions and good maneuverability when carrying out certain types of work on the ground, the equipment is still very popular.

Attachments

The tractor was initially designed as a universal machine, capable of working with trailers, agricultural and industrial attachments.

Attachments adapted to the tractor are divided into three categories:

• agricultural equipment – ​​seeders, plows, cultivators, harrows;
• construction equipment - compressors, welding systems, lifts, etc.;
• transport equipment – ​​trailers, carts, tanks.

The attachment is interfaced with the tractor through the following elements:

• power take-off shaft of the power unit;
• retainer;
• towing unit SA 1, equipped with a control unit installed in the cabin.

The tractor is equipped with systems that allow you to connect electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic devices. The ability to work with attachments and transport equipment significantly expands the capabilities of the machine and its scope of use.

Malfunctions of YuMZ-6

The undoubted advantages of the tractor are reliability, unpretentiousness and a significant resource. Subject to operating conditions and timely maintenance, the tractor could operate uninterruptedly for many years without the need for major repairs. So the engine life before overhaul was set at 10 thousand engine hours. The service life of the machine, set by the manufacturer, was 10 years, however, even today, when the tractor has long been out of production, at agricultural and industrial enterprises you can find many machines that have many times exceeded the established service life.

Problematic units include the clutch, which often fails due to accelerated wear of the friction linings resulting from increased loads on the YuMZ-6.

Another frequently occurring malfunction is wear and burnout of the fuel system injectors, which leads to fuel injection failures.

The power steering is also not reliable. Problems here arise due to breakdowns of the pumping system and destruction of the power steering distribution valve.

In order to avoid serious breakdowns that require expensive repairs, it is recommended to promptly and efficiently adjust valves and clutches, as well as replace faulty and burnt-out fuel system injectors.

Tractor spare parts and repair kits are available on the market in sufficient quantities. The cost of spare parts is low, which allows you to carry out repairs of any complexity without problems and significant costs.

Tractor price

For obvious reasons, new tractor models are not available on the market today. But there are more than enough offers of technically sound used cars. Their cost depends on the year of manufacture, technical condition, equipment, and the availability of attachments. The price range varies from 80 to 400 thousand rubles. Cars that have undergone major repairs and are in technically impeccable condition are sold for 500-600 thousand rubles.

The wheeled tractor YuMZ-6 lived a glorious working life, becoming one of the symbols of its difficult era. Developed back in the 60s, when the country was developing virgin lands and building new cities, it became a model of reliability, unpretentiousness and high quality. Simplicity of design, versatility, high performance parameters, long engine life and other characteristics ensured the popularity and demand for the long-lived tractor. It is no coincidence that today he continues to work in the fields and construction sites, and his technical concept is embedded in the design of new models now produced by a number of domestic enterprises.