Maz 54322 technical specifications

MAZ-5432

For more than half a century, the Minsk Automobile Plant has been the flagship of the Belarusian heavy automotive industry. Trucks, buses, trolleybuses and trailers form the basis of the production range. The production of truck tractors at the plant began in the early 50s of the last century, and to date the company has enormous experience in this area. The first MAZ 5432 truck tractor, which belongs to the plant’s third generation heavy trucks, was assembled in the early 80s of the 20th century. The car was distinguished from previous versions by a more comfortable cabin with a spacious sleeping compartment, as well as the presence of an anti-roll bar for the front suspension. In 1988, the car already had a whole line of engines. In addition to the then new engines of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant YaMZ-8421 and YaMZ-8424 with a power of 360 and 425 hp. Accordingly, they began to install 360-horsepower West German diesel engines. Subsequently, the cooperation between MAZ and MAN continued, and in 1998, truck tractors began to be assembled at the joint venture, where MAN power units and cabs began to be installed on the improved MAZ 5432 chassis. Assembling cars on a joint production line in the Republic of Belarus made it possible to reduce the cost of producing competitive products of world quality by 30%. Currently, 98% of MAZ-MAN trucks comply with Euro-3 environmental standards.

Model history

The first serial truck tractor of the MAZ-5432 series was assembled on the main assembly line of the Minsk Automobile Plant on May 19, 1981. This day is considered to be the starting point in the history of Belarusian third-generation long-haul trucks. The carrying capacity of this tractor reached 21 tons, and the total weight was 34 tons. In addition, this family was distinguished by a qualitatively new type of cabin with a double berth of large volume, more modern equipment and the presence of a transverse stabilizer in the front suspension design.

Launched into serial production in 1985, the MAZ-54322, with the YaMZ-238F2 diesel engine, and in 1988, the MAZ-54323, with the YaMZ-238B engine, were distinguished by an even more comfortable cabin and a modified design of the front part. Specialists took part in the development of the MAZ-54323 model. In particular, the cabin was equipped using technological solutions from MAN cabins of the F-2000 series. And in the same 1988, MAN’s 360-horsepower diesel engines were first supplied to MAZ (in the MAZ-54326 modification).

In 2000, these trucks, which by that time were among the leaders in production volume, had drive axles equipped with cross-axle differential locks, and the new front axle began to withstand a load of up to seven tons, and provide a steering angle of up to 45 degrees. .

Production of the MAZ-54323 and other 5432 series trucks was finally completed by 2008, when they were replaced by newer and more modern MAZ-5440. Do not confuse two- and three-axle Minsk mainline tractors: they have three axles.

Technical specifications in numbers

Length of the tractor – 5,980 m, Width – 2,500 m, Height – 3,650 m;
Wheelbase – 3,550 m;
Turning radius on the outer wheel – 8.3 m;
Turning diameter – 9 meters;
Curb weight of the vehicle – 7.05 tons;
Gross vehicle weight – 16 tons;
Gross trailer weight – 26.8 tons;
The total weight of the road train is 34 tons;
Front axle load – 7 tons; on the rear axle (trolley) – 10 tons;
Fifth wheel load - 8.8 tons;
Fuel tank volume – 500 liters;
The braking distance of a road train from 60 km/h is 36.7 m;
The control diesel fuel consumption of the road train is 32.3 liters at 60 km/h, 41.8 liters at 80 km/h.

Weight of components and assemblies

YaMZ engine without gearbox and clutch – 1150 kg, with clutch and gearbox – 1600 kg;
Front axle – 443 kg, rear axle – 694 kg;
Frame – 650 kg;
Cabin – 645 kg.

The fifth wheel coupling device “MAZ-54323” is semi-automatic, with two degrees of freedom.

Engine

Truck tractors of this brand are equipped with the Yaroslavl diesel engine “YaMZ-238B”. This is an 8-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine, turbocharged and V-o6p (90°) cylinder arrangement. The technical parameters of this power unit are as follows:

Working volume – 14.866 cubic centimeters;
Power - 220 kW (300 hp), at 2000 rpm;
Torque - 1177 Nm (120 kgf-m) at 1200-1400 rpm;
Minimum idle speed – 600±50 min-1;
Compression ratio – 15.2;
The operating order of the cylinders is 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8;
Average piston speed – 9.33 m/s;
Cylinder diameter – 130 mm, piston stroke – 140 mm;
The weight of the engine without lubrication without gearbox is 1130 kg;
Minimum specific fuel consumption – 208 g/kW h (153 g/hp h);
Average effective pressure – 890.4 kPa (9.08 kgf/cm2);
The engine service life before the first major overhaul is at least 10,000 hours.

The engine cylinder block is cast, made of low-alloy cast iron, cast as one piece with the upper part of the crankcase. The cylinder liners are of the “wet” type, made of alloy cast iron, with a water joint seal provided by three rubber rings. 2 cylinder heads - cast, made of low-alloy cast iron, one for each row of cylinders, with pressed seats and valve guides. The combustion chamber is single-cavity in the piston. Pistons are cast, made of high-silicon aluminum alloy.

The injection pump of this engine is 8-section, spool-type, with a low-pressure fuel priming pump, a fuel injection advance clutch and an all-mode speed controller. The air filter is dry, with a replaceable filter element and a clogging indicator. The YaMZ-238B engine is equipped with an electric torch device (EFD) to facilitate starting in cold weather. On the frame, this power unit is mounted on three supports: 1 front (bracket on the distribution gear cover) and 2 rear (located on both sides of the flywheel housing).

Technologically, the YaMZ-238B engine is similar to the YaMZ-238M2, and differs from it in the presence of a turbocharging system and associated design changes. The YaMZ-238B engine was originally developed specifically for MAZ road trains. It was also used as part of tractor equipment, front loaders and track machines, on dump trucks and bulldozers. Currently, this engine model is also no longer available.

Transmission

The YaMZ-238B engine is coupled with a YaMZ-238K double-disc clutch, also produced by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, with a mechanical drive, peripheral coil springs and a pneumatic booster. Driven disks are equipped with a damper device. The outer diameter of the driven disk is 400 mm. It is possible to install a YaMZ-161 single-disk clutch, the outer diameter of the driven disk is 420 mm.

The eight-speed manual transmission of the MAZ-543205 brand is characterized by the presence of a range multiplier and is equipped with two reverse speeds. Synchronizers are available in all gears except reverse. The gear ratios are as follows: I-7.73; II-5.52; III-3.94; IV-2.80; V-1.96; Vl-1.39; VII-1.0; VIII-0.71; ZX-11.78 and 2.99. Speed shifting is carried out through a telescopic drive built into the gearbox.

Cabin

The first copies of MAZ-543 trucks were equipped with a solid cab. But later, with the advent of a new missile system, the combat weapon of which was 12.5 meters long, difficulties arose with installing it on a truck. The length of the car was not enough and for this it was necessary to lengthen the chassis. However, such a modification required serious changes in the design, and besides, it was not rational.

The chief designer of the automobile plant, Shaposhnikov, soon came up with a way out of this situation. He proposed dividing the cabin into two parts, spaced on the left and right sides. This made it possible to place the missile system on a vehicle without lengthening the chassis. The solution turned out to be quite successful and a similar configuration was later used on all similar machines.

Inside the cabs, seats and all the necessary instruments were installed, informing about the status of all the main systems of the truck. For protection, special armored panels were used, in which loopholes were placed for small arms fire. It is worth noting that in some modifications only one cabin was installed, located on the left side.

In the manufacture of the cabin, polyester resin reinforced with fiberglass was used. The cabins were equipped with a heater and fans to provide airflow to the front windows, as well as an intercom for internal communication of the P-124 model and a radio station for external communication. Protective curtains were used on the windows, and the front ones had viewing slots. The door windows opened outwards. The rear of both cabins had special openings for ventilation equipment.

Device

All versions of the cars are built on a frame chassis with a wheelbase of 3550 mm. The front axle suspension is equipped with leaf springs and shock absorbers. Later, a torsion stabilizer was introduced into the design. The rear axle is mounted on leaf springs or air springs. Some trucks are equipped with a locking differential. All modifications have a rear stabilizer bar.

The engine is located in the front of the machine, covered on top by a folding cabin. The tractors used 1 and 2-disc dry clutches. Only manual transmissions with 5 to 16 speeds were installed. The rear axle is equipped with a conical main pair and additional planetary gears in the hubs. Between the bridge and the box there is a cardan shaft.

The brake mechanisms are equipped with a pneumatic drive; there are models with an ABS system. The electrical wiring diagram of cars is built according to a 1-wire circuit, the operating voltage is 24 V. The current sources are batteries and a generator installed on the engine.

Main Dimensions

Length – 5950-5980 mm, 6065 mm (MAZ-MAN);
Width – 2500 mm;
Height – 3160 mm, 3116 mm (MAZ-MAN);
Ground clearance – 280 mm;
Wheelbase – 3550 mm.

Weight parameters

Curb weight of the vehicle – 7050 kg;
Load distribution – front axle 4680 kg, rear axle 2370 kg;
Gross vehicle weight – 16000 kg;
Load distribution at full weight – front axle 6000 kg, rear axle 10000 kg;
Permissible weight per fifth wheel coupling device – 8800 kg;
The total weight of the main semi-trailer is 26800 kg;
The total weight of the road train is 34,000 kg.

Dynamic characteristics

The maximum speed of the road train is 100 km/h;
The acceleration time of the road train to 60 km/h is 60 s;
Road train run-out from 50 km/h – 950 m;
The braking distance of a road train from 60 km/h is 36.7 m;
Control fuel consumption of the road train - at 60 km/h 32.3 l, at 80 km/h 41.8 l;
Turning radius – on the outer wheel 8.3 m, overall 9.0 m.

Cabin

"MAZ-54323" is equipped with a double cabin with two berths. It is made with springs, tilting forward at an angle of 60 degrees, using a hydraulic cylinder. The driver's seat is sprung, adjustable for the driver's weight, length, height, cushion and backrest angle. There is a ventilation hatch in the cabin roof. The cabin ceiling is quite high, especially compared to previous MAZ trucks. A special fairing was often installed on top of the cabin to improve aerodynamic properties.

Peculiarities

One of the main features of this truck is the high reliability and reliability of the engines used. Also, all engines have excellent power performance. Gearboxes are no less reliable and durable.

In the new cabin, the designers used a four-point air suspension, thanks to which it was possible to significantly smooth out vibrations and shaking when moving over uneven surfaces. In addition, the cabin is quite convenient and comfortable, although it is inferior to its European counterparts.

The smoothness and ride comfort of the MAZ-6501 truck is much better than that of its closest competitor, the 20-ton KamAZ.

Flaws

Many reviews often mention the truck's weak suspension. As the owners note, the springs here are not strong enough, which is why they can burst if overloaded. And not only on the rear bogie, but also on the front. The car's headlights have low power. The metal and paintwork used is of low quality, and as a result, the trucks begin to corrode quite quickly. The build quality is average, as is the entire electrical wiring. Compared to KamAZ trucks of the same class, the cost of spare parts and consumables for the MAZ-6501 dump truck is significantly higher.

Characteristic features and overview of the MAZ 543205 tractor.

This Minsk-made truck model has two axles and is equipped with fifth-wheel coupling equipment that allows you to manage the transportation of goods in semi-automatic mode.
This device is suitable for moving goods over long distances as part of road trains with trailers or semi-trailers. This brand of truck is very unpretentious, inexpensive spare parts are always available for sale, and the MAZ can be easily repaired in operation.

Do not forget that the creators of this tractor are not only Belarusian specialists. Soviet employees took an active part in its development.

The design of this model began back in 1988, when Belarus was part of the USSR. Currently, the tractor is particularly popular. The manufacturer has not produced tractor models of this level for a long time. This is a kind of breakthrough in the work of employees. Before this, various modifications of the old 500 series were only designed and put into production.

The advertising campaign, which was carried out back in 1977, did not produce successful results. Only in 1981, through search and mistakes, the plant managed to come to a decision to create new trucks.

During the design, it was planned to use a 280-reinforced motor produced by the Yaroslavl plant for this series of vehicles.

The chassis of the models was planned to be implemented on the basis of 2-range gearboxes.

An improved cabin, short or elongated, created a special design and comfort.

This series of cargo models did not have a common name, but the two-axle truck tractor was subsequently named 5432.

A number of these models from the plant brought him great success and even 1st place at the Plovdiev Fair competition, which was held in 1983. However, the plant was not going to stop there and in 1985 released a new model of the 54322 fifth wheel with a modernized cabin and an eight-cylinder 238 F2 engine.

In 1988, the new Maz 54322 appeared, with 2 seats in the cabin, as well as the Maz 54323, which weighs 16 tons, has 2 berths and an advanced 300 engine.

Technical characteristics of MAZ 54323

The MAZ-54323 is a two-axle truck tractor produced between 1988 and 2008. The vehicle has a 4×2 wheel arrangement and is also a continuation of the MAZ-5432 family, which began to be produced 7 years earlier. This vehicle is a classic long-haul tractor, which is used to transport various types of cargo over long distances via public roads. But due to the fact that the model has not been produced for a long time, you need to know the features of repairing the MAZ-54323, as well as its technical characteristics.

Model history

The predecessor of the MAZ-5432 was put on the assembly line back in May 1981. From this date it is customary to begin counting the start of production of third-generation truck tractors at the Minsk Automobile Plant. Its carrying capacity was 21 tons with a maximum gross weight of 34 tons. Additionally, the model was equipped with a new type of cabin, which differed significantly from previous versions by the presence of a large double bed and modern equipment by those standards.

After 4 years, production of the MAZ-54322 car was launched, which was equipped with the Yaroslavl power plant YaMZ-238F2. After another 3 years, serial production of the MAZ-54323 tractor itself began, on which the YaMZ-238B engine was installed. The car featured a significantly more comfortable cabin, as well as a modified design of its front part. Additionally, engineers from MAN provided assistance in the development of this model. For example, they provided lighting and also created a wiring diagram based on the F-2000 cabin, produced at MAN. In addition, during the delivery of the model to the series, diesel engines were installed on it, producing 360 hp. and also used in MAN.

Modifications

Among the main modifications of this truck, the following models should be noted:

MAZ-543A

The designers of the Minsk Automobile Plant presented this version in 1963. Unlike the base truck, the MAZ-543A had a maximum load capacity increased to 19,400 kilograms. In 1966, the MAZ-543A became the basis for the creation of many other modifications for military purposes.

This model was not much different from the MAZ-543, but there were still changes. For example, the modification was equipped with cabins moved forward. This solution made it possible to increase the installation length of the frame structure to 7000 millimeters.

It is also worth noting that the MAZ-543A was extremely popular, and therefore its mass production continued until the 2000s. During all this time, the Minsk Automobile Plant produced about 2,500 cars.

The main purpose of the modification is to transport missile weapons and various special equipment. But since the truck chassis made it possible to use a lot of other add-ons, the truck’s scope of application expanded significantly.

MAZ-543M

It is the best modification released in 1974. Compared to its predecessors, the new model was equipped with only one cabin, mounted on the left. In addition, the designers managed to increase the maximum load capacity. Thus, the truck could transport any cargo and equipment weighing up to 22,200 kilograms.

The model was so successful that it is still used today. Based on the MAZ-543M, military special equipment is produced, equipped with such weapons as the Smerch SZO, the S-300 air defense system and many others.

Throughout the entire series production, about 4,500 vehicles were produced. After the collapse of the USSR, mass production of this modification was stopped. However, the plant continued to produce small batches ordered by the state.

By the way, it was on the basis of the MAZ-543M that a new version with the MAZ-7930 index was built. It was distinguished by the presence of a new all-metal body, a more powerful power plant with a maximum power of 500 horsepower and other characteristics and features. After the collapse of the USSR, the MAZ-7930 was renamed MZKT-7930. The truck is still produced under this name.

In addition, other modifications were produced in small batches, such as:

MAZ-543B.

It is a special chassis that uses a modernized 9P117M missile launcher, part of the 9K72 complex. Among the external differences, it should be noted that there is one cabin installed on the left (as on the MAZ-543M modification). The model has a maximum load capacity of 19,600 kilograms. Over the entire period, 250 cars rolled off the assembly line;

MAZ-543V.

It was with this modification that the history of the version with the MAZ-543M index began. Here, for the first time, one cabin was used, shifted to the left. Otherwise, this modification is practically no different from the base truck and the MAZ-543M version that appeared later. The Minsk Automobile Plant produced a total of 233 such trucks;

MAZ-543P.

This version was used in training soldiers. In addition, the MAZ-543P transported artillery pieces, heavy trailers and various special equipment;

MAZ-543T.

It is an analogue of the previous modification, but already adapted for use in tropical conditions and high mountains;

On the basis of the MAZ-543 truck, fire engines were also developed, produced under the designations AA-60(543)-160, AA-60(7310)-160.01 and AA-70(7310)-220. However, they were used only at airfields and airports, since they have quite impressive overall dimensions. The modifications were equipped with a tank with a volume of 12,000 liters and a special tank designed for 900 liters of extinguishing foam.

Specifications

We should separately consider the main parameters of this model. So, its dimensions are: 5.98 m in length, 2.5 m in length, and 3.65 in height. At the same time, the wheelbase is only 3.55 m, and the turning radius is 9 m. In addition, the following technical characteristics of the MAZ-54323 should be taken into account:

The weight of the tractor when fully equipped is 7.05 tons, and the maximum weight together with the trailer is 34 tons.
The permissible load on the front axle should not exceed 7 tons, and on the rear it should be within 10 tons.
The capacity of the diesel fuel tank is 500 liters.
The gearbox is installed semi-automatic.

Due to the presence of a poorly heated and insulated cabin, which is due to the electrical circuit, as well as the location of the radiator, this often became the cause of driver indignation.

Transmission

This model was equipped not only with the YaMZ-238B engine, but also with a double-disc clutch, which was also produced in Yaroslavl. It came with a mechanical drive, as well as a pneumatic amplifier. At the same time, the driven disks were equipped with a damper device and had an outer diameter of 42 cm. A feature of this transmission is the presence of two rear speeds at once, as well as a range-shifter. But synchronizers are installed exclusively on rear gears.

The process of changing speed gears occurs through a telescopic drive located in the gearbox itself. The main gear is spaced apart, and the overall gear ratio is 5.49.

Chassis

If we talk about the suspension in the MAZ-54323, the front one is installed on longitudinal springs with special shock absorbers, as well as lateral stabilization. But the rear springs are sliding, and also have several additional springs. As for the wheels, they are installed without discs, which are fastened with bolts and springs. The air pressure in them varies between 6.7-7.5 atmospheres.

Consumption

Diesel fuel consumption varies depending on the speed limit in which the tractor is used:

At an average speed of 60 km/h, 32.3 liters are consumed per 100 km.
While driving at a speed of about 80 km/h, it is already 41.8 liters per 100 km.

Initially, the model was equipped with fuel tanks with a volume of only 300 liters. Only later did the MAZ-54323 begin to be equipped with a tank with a capacity of 500 liters.

Steering

According to its design, the steering mechanism in this tractor consists of a screw, as well as a ball nut-rack. In this case, the latter works in clutch with a special gear sector, which has a power steering equipped with an external hydraulic cylinder. In this design, the gear ratio is 23.55. As for the braking system, it is of a drum type, equipped with a dual-circuit pneumatic drive. In addition, springs from energy accumulators are installed on the rear brake chambers. Additionally, the system is equipped with a fuse that prevents condensate from freezing.

The parking brake is provided by the rear wheels, on which a pneumatic drive is installed. In addition, a spare brake system also works with it. But the drive belongs to the combined type.

Electrical equipment

The electrical network of the MAZ-54323 tractor contains a voltage of 24 Volts. The fuse block diagram includes three elements at once. Its purpose is to protect two installed batteries from possible short circuits, as well as reverse polarity. This model is equipped with a G273V generator, which contains a voltage regulator.

Cabin

The MAZ-54323 tractor has a large cabin equipped with two sleeping places. At the same time, it is sprung, thanks to which it can tilt forward due to a hydraulic cylinder and be at an angle of about 60 degrees. Inside the cabin there is an adjustable driver's seat, which can be adjusted in length, height, and tilt. There is a special ventilation hatch on the high ceiling, especially compared to previous tractor models. A fairing is installed on top of the cabin, designed to improve aerodynamic performance. Often the interior decoration is subject to tuning by drivers.

Reviews from owners and drivers

I have a MAZ-6501 grain truck with a Euro 3 6501 engine and a 16-speed gearbox. The car is equipped with a MAZ trailer 856103, and the current mileage is 100 thousand km. The car has a very high-torque engine, which so far is working properly. Starting in cold weather is possible without interruption. The power is sufficient under full load up to 50 tons of grain. The gearbox reveals the engine's capabilities well, and it itself works without hard shifts - naturally, provided that the parts are properly lubricated. But the chassis raises questions about reliability. So, the springs in the front and rear break periodically. The trailer is on the air, and with it, oddly enough, everything is more or less normal. In terms of cross-country ability and comfort, the car is much better when loaded, but without a load it shakes noticeably. But in any case, it’s not worth getting into the mud. After all, this is first and foremost a grain carrier. In the low and compact cabin there was room for one sleeping bag. You can only take a break on it. In a standard seat, your back quickly becomes numb. I'll never get used to the big steering wheel. The interior equipment is such that it’s as if I’ve gone back in time – suffice it to say that there are no electric windows. The decoration is very specific, what can we say about the design. The optics shine poorly - the low beam is very weak, and the high beam is also not a gift. So it’s better to get there in the daytime, or install additional lighting. The impression of the car is twofold, why be surprised - after all, this is the good old MAZ.
I am the owner of a Maz 6501 with a mileage of 250 thousand. km. In terms of reliability, of course, the car is not up to par with Volvo and Scania, but for me the Maz has already paid for itself a long time ago and is bringing in a stable profit. There are much fewer problems than with a Kamaz of a similar class - I just switched from it to MAZ. The engine is quite reliable - I have never disassembled it or welded anything. Well, except that I changed consumables. Startup is clear and uninterrupted both in winter and summer. Traction is excellent even under load, as well as on long climbs. There are no problems with the dynamics; the maximum speed of 85 km/h is quite satisfactory. I was pleased with the strength of the springs - over the past period of time I replaced only three leaves, they didn’t even have to be strengthened. This is probably because I never overload the car. The standard tires were replaced with Chinese ones - with them the truck behaves much better. The cabin's paint quickly peels off, and the cheap metal begins to rust - as if it had not been treated with anything at all at the factory. The cabin is relatively comfortable compared to the Kamaz. There is no sleeping bag in my version, but with my work it is not needed. The seat is not hard, because it is installed on springs. Even after a long day of work, I don’t feel particularly tired. I replaced the mechanical windows with electric ones, which turned out to be cheaper than the original ones. I have no complaints about the wiring yet. Overall I'm happy with the car, despite the minor ailments.
I have been working on MAZ 6501 for more than a year. The current mileage is 210 thousand km. From what I liked, I would like to note the comfortable cabin, even despite the cheap and low-quality metal, which quickly rusts and the paint peels off. But inside it’s a completely different matter. Fuel consumption reaches 44 liters per 100 km – an acceptable result for such a dump truck. Among the shortcomings, one can note a weak stove, which does not heat well in cold weather, although the cabin seems to be small. We had to install an additional heater. In addition, “crickets” have settled in the rear-view mirrors. The mirror coating also comes off quickly from the mirror housing! This made me smile. I had to replace them. The lighting efficiency of standard headlights leaves much to be desired. After 10 thousand km, the optics began to fade and peel, and water also “settled” inside the headlights. I installed fog lights, and then I’ll change the entire headlights later. Regarding electrics, there are eternal problems with them. The wires are all thin and rot quickly, because they are not protected by anything and dirt gets on them. And as a result, devices often fail. Manual window regulators often break, and they also work very hard. The flimsy radiator began to leak already at 10 thousand km - probably the reason is our “roads”. One day I encountered a bad front tire. Alas, we still can’t set the wheel alignment correctly. The hood lid does not close well, but these are all minor things. Large components and assemblies are reliable, and this is the most important thing.
I work on a 2012 Maz 6501 dump truck. Initially, the choice was in favor of the Chinese, but I didn’t have enough money (for the Chinese!!), in the end I bought a used Maz. I've been driving it for five years. First impressions were positive. The cabin is mounted on a four-point suspension, and the driver's seat is on an air cushion. An updated dashboard, climate control, a powerful heater - all this is certainly good. But the emotions quickly subsided, and then problems began to appear. Firstly, we must admit that the car needs radical improvement on its own. Or, apparently, my car did not undergo pre-sale preparation. Some time after the purchase, the balancer began to leak. A similar problem occurred with the hydraulic cylinder fitting. I work with construction materials - when there is a squeak in the back of the car, the bumper touches the ground while moving, but this is not at all due to overload. But the fact is that because of this, the entire lining burst. In the second week of operation, the starter had to be replaced. Fortunately, I didn’t have to climb on the engine yet. It consumes 50 liters of diesel fuel. A friend of mine “eats” no more than 40 liters in Chinese. As for the cabin, I can’t shake the feeling that it was painted in a makeshift manner. Spare parts are quite expensive, but there is nothing to do - you have to stock up, especially now during the crisis, inflation, etc.