How is a car's carrying capacity calculated?

The vehicle's carrying capacity is the difference between its gross weight (with contents and people) and its unladen weight. It is calculated by subtracting the second indicator from the first, both numbers are indicated in the PTS by the vehicle manufacturer. A passenger car can transport a maximum of 2.5 tons, a truck - over 8 tons, and a road train - up to 28 tons.

Sometimes the carrying capacity indicated in the PTS does not correspond to the real one; it can be more or less than this value. Then it’s worth making a change to the document by contacting the traffic police and identifying the real indicator with the help of an examination. Otherwise, the driver will receive a fine of 500 rubles for overloading.

In this article:

What is the vehicle's carrying capacity?

The carrying capacity of a vehicle is the weight of the contents it is designed to transport, that is, one of the main characteristics for operation. This includes the weight of the driver and other people in the car; for each unit it is taken as 75 kg. Tonnage matters for any car, even a passenger car, because this type of transport often carries not only passengers, but also their luggage and other property.

The rated load capacity is not stated in the car's passport, but is calculated based on the technical data from the document. For a passenger car this is 0.5-2.5 tons, for a truck – up to 28 tons. And it does not always correspond to the actual value of the indicator. After all, the quality of the road also matters here.

Saddle Maintenance

The condition of the “fifth wheel” is monitored at least 2-3 times a month. Frequent inspection will prolong the performance of the SSU. Therefore they recommend:

Should it be regulated?

Adjusting the saddle on a tractor is one of the conditions for maintaining the functionality of the mechanism. During transportation, the saddle wears out quickly. It is impossible to determine the correct operation of the stove visually, so you need to know some of the reasons and a list of common breakdowns of truck components. A characteristic sign for adjustment is the appearance of a knocking sound when the road train stops and moves.

Note:
The adjustment is quick: you need to remove the saddle and, if necessary, change the rubber bands and bushings; Rinse thoroughly and clean the wedge area from dirt and dried oil.

Eliminating Gaps

The vertical power supports of the tractor are not always subject to deflection under the influence of high load pressure on the frame. During turns, a lot of pressure is applied to the saddle in a perpendicular direction, which greatly injures the upper part of the plate, on the surface of which small gaps form. During operation, the coupling pin wears out quickly. This part requires separate repairs from specialists.

York and Jost seat clearances are eliminated by pressing the locking wedges against the king pin. Manipulations to remove gaps are carried out using a screw control or an automatic metal spring.

Important Terms

To understand the term “carrying capacity”, several more concepts related to it are important:

Dry weight
. This is the weight of the car without additional elements (gasoline and other liquids, spare parts, tools necessary for the operation of the equipment), driver, passengers, cargo.
Curb weight (in PTS it is designated as “weight without load”). This is the weight of the vehicle with all the components that ensure its performance.

This includes fuel, antifreeze, other liquid components, spare parts, and tools necessary to maintain functionality. In some European countries, the curb weight also includes the weight of the driver, because without it the car cannot be driven.

Gross weight (in the PTS it is written “permitted maximum weight”). This is the weight of the car when it is refueled, there is a driver, passengers, cargo, and luggage in it. To calculate the indicator, the manufacturer uses the maximum permissible pressure on the axle.

SSU device

The load-bearing plate in the SSU has a simple structure and takes on part of the weight of the load. The part has a slot for the entrance of the semi-trailer kingpin to establish a strong fixation. The joint mechanism with the tractor when turning will be the axis of the truck's bend. At the bottom of the slab there is a coupling-fixing system. Automatic connection of parts plays the role of a reliable lock. There are two types of SSU - pivot and pivotless (roller).

Nominal and maximum vehicle load capacity

The maximum load capacity of a vehicle is the largest mass of contents that it can transport without harm to its own technical condition, controllability, and maneuverability. The indicator characteristic of different categories of machines has different values:

Semi-trailers

Semi-trailers from the Minsk Automobile Plant.

The model range of MAZ semi-trailers is so huge that a separate book needs to be published for this, so we will briefly touch on this topic.

Below is the main model range of semi-trailers from the branch of Minsk Automobile.

Loading capacity of semi-trailers is from 15 to 33 tons.

The scope of application of MAZ semi-trailers is huge, from long-distance transportation of cargo with food (refrigerated semi-trailers) to transportation of various containers (container ships).

MAZ-931010-3010.

MAZ-975800-041.

MAZ-953000-010.

How to determine the carrying capacity of a car step by step according to PTS

There are two ways to determine the carrying capacity of a car or truck. The first is based on establishing the vehicle class, it is less accurate. The second allows you to find out the actual maximum indicator based on other technical parameters:

According to the PTS, the carrying capacity is determined very approximately. In columns 3 and 4 of the first page of the document you need to find the name and category of the machine. There they write whether it is a passenger car or a truck, and also indicate the class. But when defining the second point, confusion may arise. If the car is domestic, then the “passenger car” is always B or C. The first one is more modest in size and weight, so it will obviously take less cargo.

A foreign passenger car can also be designated D, F, E, this depends on the power and size of the car. The larger they are, the higher the load capacity. And for a truck it will be greater than for a passenger car. And for special equipment it is higher than for a bus. But it is still impossible to find out the exact value of the carrying capacity for these parameters from the PTS.

The indicator can be calculated using information from sections 14 and 15 of the document . The first indicates the permitted maximum weight, the second indicates the same weight, but without load. To find out how much weight the car can carry, you need to subtract the second from the first number. For example, a category C van has a maximum weight of 10,424 kg and an unladen weight of 6,475 kg. This means that it is capable of transporting at most 3949 kg. This is its carrying capacity.

Watch this video on how to read PTS correctly:

Safety

In past years and decades, truck life and profitability have come to the forefront. Now, almost all manufacturers place safety on a par with these parameters. This benefits not only the driver, who today can benefit from disc brakes, a powerful engine brake and a sophisticated seat belt system. Headlight manufacturers who have remained faithful to the old designs for decades now offer headlights that provide enough illumination that nothing will slip through the cracks. The danger posed to an unlit cyclist by a truck driver has never been greater. However, the driver of a passenger car also benefits from improvements in trucks: a protective underrun bar installed at the front. This important safety feature has long been standard equipment on Swedish trucks; German companies install it as an option.

The airbag did not become standard equipment because its effect in trucks is not as uniquely positive as in passenger cars. In particular, it is still not clear when it should be triggered: either at the first impact with an obstacle, or after a fall on a slope, or when the road train has completely overturned? The best protection is three-point seat belts with pretensioners, and an airbag is optional. Mercedes, Scania and Volvo tractor units have long been equipped as standard with airbags and seat belts with pretensioners; MAN only recently. As for the ESP stabilization system, it is installed by three manufacturers, with the exception of Scania.

In general, all four tractor units have a high level of safety. This applies to both active and passive safety, as well as the protection of other road users. In this discipline, Volvo wins slightly, followed closely by MAN and Mercedes, Scania lags behind, having an engine brake with a braking power of only 230 kW.

What appeared already during the first measurements was confirmed by other assessments and analysis of the results: all four truck tractors are almost the same in terms of quality. The tractor from Munich became the winner with a minimal excess of points. None of the tractor units scored the maximum possible number of points (1,000). The difference between individual tractors is very small: from 839 (Mercedes Actros 1846 LS L-Haus and Volvo FH 12-460) to 846 (MAN TG A) LX-Haus.

Final test results in points

Indicators	Possible number of points	MAN TG A LX-Haus	Mercedes Actros 1846 LS L-Haus	Scania R 124 LA 470 GR 19-Haus	Volvo FН 12-460
Cabin
Maintenance/lifting mechanism	10	8	8	9	8
Enter exit	15	10	10	11	11
Serial equipment	10	9	9	8	6
Luggage/storage space	25	19	15	15	22
Inner dimensions	30	24	27	23	27
Driver's workplace	40	31	28	30	36
Sleeping places	30	24	25	23	21
Modernization	20	13	16	17	16
Total	180	138	138	136	147
Suitability for use:
Comfortable movement	50	39	42	40	44
Dynamic properties/steering	30	25	24	27	26
Brakes	30	25	27	21	25
Gear shift/control	40	32	31	33	35
Total	150	121	124	121	130
Drive/power expended for movement
Engine characteristics	40	33	33	34	36
Transmission	25	21	23	21	21
Final drive ratio	25	22	21	21	20
Patency	35	22	21	33	18
Power expended during movement	45	41	31	41	31
Total	170	139	129	150	126
Fuel consumption
When working at partial loads	70	67	64	64	67
When operating at full load	30	26	28	29	26
Overall in the test area	100	95	95	94	92
Total	200	188	187	187	185
Cost/Efficiency
Load capacity	60	58	57	57	47
Maintenance and repair costs	60	55	55	54	55
Serial equipment	40	32	33	29	32
Fixed operating costs	20	18	15	19	15
Total	180	163	160	160	149
Safety
Brakes	40	36	39	33	36
Equipment with security systems	35	24	24	20	26
Lighting, visibility, mirrors	30	25	24	22	26
Seat belts	15	12	14	14	14
Total	120	97	101	89	102
Overall result	1000	846	839	843	839

Car tonnage: what does large-tonnage and small-tonnage mean?

The tonnage of vehicles directly depends on their category and dimensions; according to this criterion, transport can be:

Small-tonnage . These are vehicles with a dead weight of less than 3.5 tons. Typically, their carrying capacity is no more than 2.5 tons. This includes passenger cars and small trucks designed for moving small quantities of goods or property over short distances. These are, for example, “Gazelle”, “Hyundai Porter”, “Kia Bongo”, “Baw Fenix”. The cabin and body of such cars are supported on the same frame, hence the impossibility of increasing the weight of the transported contents.
Average . These are vehicles with a tonnage of 1.5-8 tons, having a mass of 3.5-12 tons. These include Valdai, KamAZ, MAZ, ISUZU and other similar models. This type of truck is used by almost all chain stores in Russia, since the vehicle is capable of moving large amounts of content over considerable distances, and it is allowed to use any roads, even the Moscow Ring Road.
Large-capacity . This is a vehicle weighing more than 12 tons, capable of carrying 8 tons of cargo. The cars are used to form road trains, since they rarely represent a single structure with a body. These are tractors and platforms to which trailers and containers are attached.

Manufacturers

A country	Produced brands
Germany	Mercedes Benz, MAN
Sweden	Scania, Volvo
France	Renault Trucks
USA	International, Freightliner, Kenworth, Peterbilt, Mack, Oshkosh
Italy	IVECO, Astra
Finland	Sisu
Belarus	MAZ
Russia	KamAZ, Ural, GAZ
Ukraine	KrAZ
China	DongFeng, Shan Xi, Howo and others
Japan	Hino, Nissan, Fuso, Mitsubishi
South Korea	Hyundai, Samsung
India	Tata Motors
Netherlands	DAF, GINAF
Canada	Sterling

Multi-ton machine

A multi-ton truck is one that is capable of carrying more than 8 tons of contents. The largest among this category are Eurotrucks, which move 20-25 tons of cargo. These are heavyweight vehicles, consisting of a tractor and a semi-trailer. They must not exceed the following dimensions:

2.5 m wide;
2 m high;
20 m long.

The maximum axle load, which is established by Appendix 2 to Government Decree No. 272 of 2011, is also important.

Despite their intimidating size, such vehicles are easy to maneuver even in urban areas, and they are well controlled. But due to the serious impact that heavyweights have on road surfaces, not all directions are accessible to them. And drivers often have to detour around populated areas.

In addition to the common European trucks in this segment, there is also, for example, BelAZ. The weight of the machine is 810 tons, and the load capacity is 450 tons. So the difference in the performance of multi-ton machines belonging to the same group is very large.

BelAZ

Cabin

When the competitors met at the barrier, the difference between them turned out to be not very big. This was confirmed by all measurements and assessments. The same can be said about the cabins. Although the updated Volvo FH 12 was able to win, three other competitors received almost the same score in this discipline. The Swede's victory was facilitated by the largest luggage capacity in the cabin, as well as a better organized driver's workplace. However, the assessment of modernization forced him to give in to another Swede. Here the Volvo FH 12-460 scores the same number of points with the Mercedes Actros 1846 LS, ahead of the MAN TG 460 A.

In the cabin of the Mercedes Actros 1846 LS tractor there are a number of little things that get in the way, for example, the display in the instrument panel is difficult to read. In addition, it turned out that the devices literally attract dust. Both externally located luggage compartments of the Actros have a much smaller capacity than those of the Volvo FH 12 and MAN TG 460 A (almost 360 l).

The cab of the MAN TG 460 A tractor is characterized by poor entry (compared to Volvo and Scania), smaller volume (compared to Volvo) and a number of small details (fewer places for storing the driver’s belongings when traveling long distances or too troublesome access to electrical equipment), which cost him points. Otherwise, the Munich player has proven himself well.

Scania, despite using the smallest cab, managed to get out of its predicament.
The loss in capacity points is somewhat compensated by convenient entry and exit, better upgrades and workspace. All devices borrowed from their predecessor received the best ratings in all tests. Cabin equipment (for options the cost is indicated in euros)

Model	MAN TG 460 A	Mercedes Actros 1846 LS	Scania R 124 LA 470	Volvo FН 12-460
Automatic heating control	Serial	564	Serial	Serial
Climatic equipment	1 107	Serial	Serial	1 280
Additional heating	1 365	1 499	2 465	2 165
Electric sliding panel	Serial	Serial	436	Serial
Heated mirrors	Serial	Serial	Serial	Serial
Electric mirrors	Serial	Serial	205	Serial
Tinted windshield	108	124	Serial	200
Outdoor thermometer	Serial	Serial	Serial	Serial
Headlight cleaner	155	270	370	170
Heated driver's seat	165	Serial	Serial	100
The seat is better than standard	510	1 590	960	1 380
Leather seats	1 128	1 500	1 300	1 410
Two berths	Serial	Serial	485	125
Airbag/driver seat belts with tensioner	Serial	709/serial	720/375	205/50
Central door locking	Serial	406	Serial	370
Fridge	Serial	1 275	1 225	Serial
Front underrun protection system	–	570	Serial	Serial
Xenon headlights	932	–	990	825

Mercedes Actros 1846 LS

Why do you need to know the cargo capacity of a car?

The cargo capacity of any vehicle matters for the following reasons:

Exceeding the technically established load limit can lead to the destruction of machine elements, the need to repair it on the road, and even lead to an accident;
the weight of the cargo being too heavy and inappropriate for the vehicle’s capabilities will result in a fine from the traffic police;
Tonnage is also important for choosing a route, because some sections of the road can only support light-weight vehicles, so they are closed to the passage of heavy vehicles.

Sometimes an error in establishing the carrying capacity leads to an incorrect determination of the vehicle category. And because of this, transport tax is calculated incorrectly. It's more for a truck than for a car.

Municipal vehicles

MAZ vehicles are municipal vehicles.

Unfortunately, municipal equipment in most of our cities can be included in the red book. The exception, of course, is large regional cities, and in an ordinary city you practically won’t see other than poor janitors with shovels.

And you are even more surprised at this moment when you find out that there are a huge number of modifications of such equipment. The Minsk Automobile Plant alone produces about seven main modifications, not counting incidental ones.

There are only four types of garbage trucks, which differ in the way they load garbage.

Below are photos of some modifications of municipal vehicles from the Minsk Automobile Plant.

Vacuum machine KO-523V.

Garbage truck MKM-35 with side loading.

Loading capacity of a road train: how to calculate, can it be changed?

The load capacity of a road train depends on the type of trailer hitch and the number of axles under load. For the most part, this is a tractor unit with an axle of two paired elements and a three-axle trailer. To determine the load capacity, you need to take into account the maximum permitted load on the part. It is also important that, according to the law, the total weight of the road train must not exceed:

28 t if it is triaxial;
36 t for four-axle;
40 tons if it is five-axle;
44 tons with six axles and more.

Fuel consumption

Test participants had very similar fuel consumption figures. However, the impact of four almost identical and equally heavy semi-trailers on fuel consumption turned out to be greater than the difference between individual tractors. A closer look at the resulting fuel consumption reveals a clear difference. When tractors go uphill, the Mercedes Actros 1846 LS and Scania R 124 LA 470 are the best and are about 2% more economical than the other two. The best average fuel consumption on a section with 12 climbs was obtained from Scania (107.9 l/100 km) and Mercedes (108.7 l/100 km). This is where the advantage of Scania's turbocompound technology comes into play. In addition, the power is 470 hp. develops an engine with a displacement of only 11.7 liters. Mercedes achieves good fuel consumption when the engine is running at full load, mainly at low engine speeds, but the speed decreases when driving uphill.

Measurements of the fuel consumption of a MAN tractor show that it reacts more sensitively than the other three competitors at high speeds and at full load.
On flat terrain, MAN and Volvo achieve the best results and consume approximately 0.5 l/100 km or 2 – 3% less fuel. Despite this, MAN takes the win with a slight advantage in fuel consumption. Results of measurements during comparative tests

Model	MAN TG A LX-Haus	Mercedes Actros 1846 LS L-Haus	Scania R 124 LA 470 GR 19-Haus	Volvo FН 12-460
First stage, lap 1
Speed, km/h	84,81	83,40	83,82	83,06
Fuel consumption, l/100 km	36,7	36,1	36,9	36,3
Second stage, lap 2
Speed, km/h	84,33	83,36	84,8	83,26
Fuel consumption, l/100 km	35,9	37,0	35,5	37,4
Third stage, lap 3
Speed, km/h	84,56	83,62	84,50	83,19
Fuel consumption, l/100 km	36,2	37,0	35,5	36,3
Stage four, lap 4
Speed, km/h	83,79	83,06	84,38	83,03
Fuel consumption, l/100 km	37,3	35,2	36,6	36,6
The entire mileage is 800 km
Speed, km/h	84,37	83,37	84,44	83,13
Fuel consumption, l/100 km	36,27	36,28	36,30	36,80
Fuel consumption, l/100 km
Partial loads (85 km/h)	20,50	21,03	21,05	20,60
full loads (12 lifts) at average speed, km/h	110.75 at 69.66	108.70 at 65.81	107.91 at 68.41	110.76 at 67.09
Number of gear changes to climb hills	41	50	27	58
Climbing in top gear, %	2,79	3,02	3,18	2,99
Engine brake1, slope 5.5%
gear/speed	10/2 250	13/2 400	9/2 300	10/2 150
speed, km/h	90	84	73	90
braking power, kW	290	350	230	288
Acceleration time, s: With sequential gear shift:
0 – 60 km/h,	24,4	30,9	24,4	29,3
0 – 85 km/h,	47,1	53,6	46,4	52,3
In top gear 60 – 85 km/h	25,3	29,2	28,7	34,7
Internal noise level at 85 km/h, dB(A)	66,8	66,2	62,6	63,7
Maintenance
Oil change frequency, km	80 000	100 000	60 000	100 000
Number of service points: in Germany in Western Europe	385 800	1030 1750	200 900	150 1000
Weight parameters
Tractor own weight2, kg	7 080	7 100	7 085	7 295
Saddle load, kg	10 920	10 900	10 915	11 705
Expenses3, cents/km
Maintenance and repair	8,77	8,61	8,81	8,79
Fuel	26,16	26,20	26,22	26,63
Variables	2,40	2,40	2,40	2,40
Permanent per day4, euro	176,97	178,28	175,94	189,17
Overall per day	65,66	65,71	65,22	66,55

Notes. 1 – truck tractors from MAN, Scania and Volvo are equipped with a more powerful engine brake for an additional fee, Mercedes – as standard; 2 – all tractors are equipped with a fifth wheel coupling, a spare wheel, a fuel tank filled with 300 liters of fuel, a spoiler, side panels covering the chassis, 315/70 R 22.5 tires on aluminum rims; 3 – MAN NG 460 A and Mercedes Actros 1846 LS tractors cost 89 thousand euros, Scania – 90 thousand and Volvo – 91,180 euros; 4 – when operating 240 days a year.

How to correct an error in calculations at customs

If the documents for the car indicate that the curb and gross weight values, that is, the carrying capacity, do not correspond to reality, this can be corrected through the traffic police. It is necessary to apply there to send the vehicle for examination, which will determine its weight without load. The document is accompanied by a PTS and a registration certificate.

After the application is accepted, the car is driven to the site, where a specialist will measure the load on each axle when driving at a speed of 5 km/h. Then, using formulas, they will calculate the mass of the vehicle without load and draw up a conclusion that the car owner will receive in his hands. Again, you need to contact the traffic police by writing an application for changes to the PTS. A new document will be issued, and it will indicate the actual curb weight of the car and its class.

Suitability for use

Ride comfort, dynamic properties and similar factors contributed to the victory or defeat of a particular tractor. In this discipline, the Volvo was the clear winner thanks to its brakes and overall ride comfort. However, the Swede is not without its drawback: the front axle transmits small irregularities to the cabin, so that the internal equipment sometimes vibrates. Nevertheless, the advantage over competitors is still noticeable. Following the Swede is the Mercedes Actros 1846 LS, which provides high ride comfort and gets a good rating for its brakes. However, he does not win in this discipline, since the internal noise is clearly higher than in the Scania and Volvo cabins, and the controls are often illogically located. For example, the power window switch or mirror adjustment is located on the right side next to the driver's seat. The total score in this discipline for the MAN TG 460 A and Scania R 124 LA 470 tractors is at the same level.

All cars used similar engines: in-line six-cylinder, turbocharged and intercooled, with electronic fuel injection and four valves per cylinder. The Scania DT 1202 engine is a turbo-compound engine. The clutch on all tractors is a dry single-plate with an automatic drive, with the exception of the hydraulic one on the Scania R 124 LA 470 tractor, and a pneumatic booster. The main gear is a single hypoid. The braking system is dual-circuit pneumatic with electronic control, with anti-lock and traction control systems, with disc brakes at the front and rear. Spring energy accumulators on the rear axle are used as a parking brake.

Technical characteristics of tractors

Model	MAN TG 460 A	Mercedes Actros 1846 LS	Scania R 124 LA 470	Volvo FН 12-460
Engine model	D2876 LF	OM 501 LA	DT 12 02	D 12 D 460
Cylinder diameter/piston stroke, mm	128/166	130/150	127/154	131/150
Working volume, cm3	12 816	11 946	11 716	12 100
Compression ratio	17,0	17,75	18,0	18,5
Average effective pressure at maximum torque, bar	21,6	23,15	23,6	22,85
Power, kW (hp) at rpm	338/460 at 1,900	335/456 at 1,800	346/470 at 1,900	338/460 at 1,800
Maximum torque, Nm, at rpm	2 100 at 900–1300	2200 at 1080	2,200 at 1050–1500	2,200 at 1100–1450
Injection pressure, bar	1 300	1 800	1 500	1 600
Transmission
Transmission	ZF 12 AS 2301	Mercedes G 231 – 16	Scania GRS 900	Volvo I-Shift
Gear ratios:
1	12,33	17,03	11,27	14,94
2	9,59	14,19	9,14	11,73
3	7,44	11,50	7,17	9,04
4	5,78	9,58	5,18	7,09
5	4,57	7,80	4,63	5,54
6	3,55	6,50	3,75	4,35
7	2,70	5,28	3,01	3,44
8	2,10	4,40	2,44	2,70
9	1,63	3,87	1,91	2,08
10	1,27	3,22	1,55	1,63
11	1,00	2,61	1,23	1,27
12	0,78	2,18	1,00	1,00
13	–	1,77	–	–
14	–	1,48	–	–
15	–	1,20	–	–
16	–	1,00	–	–
W/x	11,41	15,46	14,74/11,95	17,48
"Creeping"	8,88	12,89	16,38/13,28	13,73
main gear	3,70	2,93	3,08	2,79
Kinematic maximum speed, km/h	122	114	114	120
Engine brake power, kW	290	350	230	288
Sectional size of frame side members, mm	270x85x8	283x70x8	270x90x8	266x90x7
Steering gear ratio	17,0 – 20,0	19,3 – 23,0	17,0 – 20,0	17,0 – 20,0
Own weight, kg	7 090	6 570	7 075	6 817
Saddle load, kg	10 920	10 900	10 915	10 705
Base, mm	3 600	3 600	3 550	3 650
Minimum turning radius, m	7,4	7,45	7,2	7,16

Overload penalty

A fine for a driver transporting more cargo than is allowed in accordance with the vehicle documents is imposed under Part 7 of Article 12.21 of the Administrative Code. He will pay 500 rubles because he violated the following rule:

The weight of the transported cargo and the load distribution along the axles must not exceed the values established by the manufacturer for this vehicle.

A minor penalty doesn't stop some motorists from overloading. And in vain, because a car loaded with more than it can transport obeys the driver less well, does not maneuver quickly enough, and may fall on its side when braking. This is many times greater than the danger of travel for anyone who finds themselves on the same road with such a car.

VIN decoding. Identification (verification) by VIN code

Hitch control

Manufacturers offer several options for automating coupling and uncoupling to provide pneumatic system and sensor functions.

For example, Georg Fisher is a sensor system that ensures safety. The process is regulated by 2 sensors that monitor the strength of the fastener. The occurrence of problems is indicated by signals transmitted to the driver's showroom; a light comes on on the car panel. The driver can monitor and adjust the condition of the fasteners himself, using the side mirrors as a guide.

The height of the saddle on tractors, the position of the lock, the condition of the coupling - all operations are regulated by sensors located in the cabin.

Truck	24-28 t, depending on the number of axles
A car	0.5 to 2.5 t
Truck	from 0.5 to more than 8 t