How to start a tractor, controls - tips for beginning farmers

Starting motor: inclusion features

Many Belarus tractors are equipped with a starting engine (PD), so information on how to properly start the MTZ-80 tractor from the starter will not be superfluous. Algorithm of actions:

1. Opening the gas tap. This process is accompanied by pumping fuel into the carburetor and closing the air damper.
2. Winding the starter cord onto the flywheel. It is fixed on one of the grooves.
3. Launch. To start the engine, the cord is pulled towards you.

If you follow the instructions above and the tractor does not start, the cause may be fuel condensation that has accumulated in the crank chamber. Cleaning eliminates the problem.

Starting the MTZ-82 from the starter is much easier than from the starting engine - just turn the ignition key. But you should still know the sequence of actions described above.

Why doesn't the tractor start in the cold?

In addition to general freezing, there are a number of specific reasons why a tractor engine does not start in winter.

1. Damp contacts. Changes in weather conditions and temperature changes lead to condensation remaining on electrical contacts. As a result, the system freezes and electrical appliances stop working. If this is the problem, you need to dry the contacts.
2. Using thick oil. Before changing seasons, it is necessary to completely change technical fluids. Winter diesel fuel is poured into the tractors, and winter oil is also selected. It does not thicken in cold weather.

If you use mineral oil, you can prevent it from thickening.

1. A day before turning on the engine, a little fuel is poured into the pan.
2. Start the engine for a few minutes. During this time, the oil mixes with the fuel and becomes viscous, which prevents freezing.
3. The next day, when starting the tractor, the engine is allowed to idle for several minutes, during which the machine warms up and the fuel in the oil evaporates.

These measures are permissible in light frosts down to -10 degrees.

Working with a diesel engine: how to start it correctly

After the started MTZ-82 PD warms up, the diesel engine is started. The sequence of actions is as follows:

1. The friction clutch is disengaged. At the same time, the ring gear in the diesel flywheel is engaged.
2. The clutch engages. This is done by smoothly moving the lever away from you. If during this process there is a noticeable decrease in engine speed, it means that the starter has not reached a sufficient number of revolutions. This situation can be easily corrected - the friction clutch is turned off and turned on after the PD speed has normalized.
3. After the crankshaft is activated (it begins to rotate), the fuel supply to the cylinders is turned on.
4. When the diesel engine is started, the PD is stopped: a special device, the magneto, is turned off with a button and the fuel tank valve is closed.
5. The started tractor should operate in test mode, at low and medium speeds. After two to three minutes, the motor returns to normal operation. The fuel supply lever is moved forward until it stops.

If the starter gear is disengaged, but the diesel engine cannot be started, the operation must be repeated. Before re-engaging the gear, make sure the crankshaft is not rotating.

Starters on MTZ Belarus tractors: design and installation

The simplest device for starting an engine used to be the so-called crank. It was inserted into a special hole, clung to a special terminal of the engine crankshaft and, by rotating it, the engine was spun up to the required speed for starting. Now, in order to spin the engine crankshaft to a frequency that will allow it to start, there is a so-called starter.

Types of starting devices

MTZ tractors use two types of engine starting systems - gasoline and electric.

Electric starter on the MTZ tractor

The gasoline engine is a small, single-cylinder starting internal combustion engine. The manufacturer delivers the PD-10 model from the factory. It consists of a motor and a gearbox. People sometimes call it “launcher”. The launcher's power is only 10 horsepower.

Considering that this is a two-stroke engine, a mixture of gasoline and oil is used as fuel. Moreover, you can use low-quality fuels and lubricants - the engine is unpretentious, and this will not particularly affect its performance.

After starting the PD-10, the torque is transmitted through the gearbox to the crankshaft of the main engine to spin it up.

Electric starter is a direct current electric motor. It is powered through a battery-powered switching mechanism. The manufacturer provides for the installation of ST-142E starters on MTZ tractors. Its design includes the following elements:

• Frame. Cores and windings are placed in it.
• Anchor. The collector plates are attached to the armature axis and the core is pressed into place.
• Solenoid relay. It supplies power to the electric motor and pushes out the overrunning clutch through a movable jumper.
• Bendix. Otherwise, overrunning clutch. Through the meshing gear it transmits torque to the flywheel.
• Brushes and brush holders. Serve to supply voltage to the armature commutator plates.

The operating principle of a tractor starter is the same as the others and consists of three main stages:

1. The drive gear is connected to the flywheel ring;
2. Start;
3. The drive gear is disconnected from the flywheel.

That is, it does not participate in the further operation of the engine. Its main and only task is to start the engine.

In early versions of electric starters, torque was transmitted to the main engine by engaging the drive clutch gear to the flywheel. It was carried out by pressing a spring lever.

Nowadays more advanced mechanisms are used. Modern models use a gearbox for transmitting rotation. Their design uses planetary gearboxes, which consist of several gears.

The gearbox amplifies the voltages passing through it several times. This method is more reliable, the starting torque has increased by a third. In addition, the weight of the starter itself has decreased and durability has increased.

One of the significant advantages of gear starters is low current consumption during cold starts.

All types of starters are automatically switched off when the main engine starts.

The factory version provides for the installation of electric starters on the D-240/D-243 engines and on more modern engines; on the D-240L/D-243L there is a starting motor.

Installing an electric starter instead of a starting motor

Depending on the specific operating conditions of the tractor and individual needs, the owners themselves determine the advisability of using either an electric starter or a starting motor.

It would be more justified to start the engine using the PD-10 in cold weather, when the fuel has thickened and in order to start the engine, more power and more battery consumption are required.

In summer or in warm areas, starting with a conventional starter is a more convenient option.

What should you do if you want to use the comfort and advantages of an electric starter over a starter motor?

There are several reasons for switching from using the PD-10 to the version with an electric starter. One of them is the need for constant refueling and maintenance of the starting engine. Who wants to constantly mix gasoline with oil, check the spark, and constantly turn the magneto themselves? In such cases, there is only one option left - to install an electric starter on the tractor. When such a decision is made, several nuances should be taken into account.

Difficult weather conditions

To start the MTZ-82 from the starter in winter, it is equipped with an electric torch heater (EFH). It will ensure the machine operates in a temperature range from +4 to -20 °C. During the starting process, the fuel lever must be turned on.

Before starting the tractor in winter, the EFP tank is filled with diesel fuel. In this case, the oil pump drive must be turned off in order to reduce the resistance to the rotating knee oval. In order for the diesel engine to warm up faster, the water radiator shutter is closed and the coolant level inside must be checked.

When starting the MTZ-82 in winter, it is necessary to use the parking brake with the gear shift lever in neutral position. At the same time, the power take-off shaft regulator is switched to the on state. Next, the mass switch is activated, the fuel supply control lever is set to the middle position, and the clutch is depressed. The ignition key is turned to position I and at the same time the EFP key is pressed. After the indicator shows readiness to start (flashing of the control lamp), the ignition key is set to position II while holding down the key.

After turning on the diesel engine, the EFP key and the ignition key are released. When the speed stabilizes and the oil level normalizes, you must also release the clutch pedal.

Experts recommend using diesel fuel and winter grade oil in winter, as well as adding antifreeze. The battery should be kept charged and the fuel sludge should be drained. To start the tractor, it is better to warm up the diesel engine with hot water. The use of a circulation heater is allowed.

Presentation for the lesson

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Completion time: 2 hours.

Educational: to develop practical experience in using the controls and instrumentation of the MTZ-82 wheeled tractor, to teach how to start the starting and main engines.

Educational: to cultivate interest in the profession of a tractor driver, conscientiousness, responsibility and work culture.

Developmental: develop technical thinking, independence, and the ability to use professional terminology in speech.

Lesson type: study of work techniques

Teaching method: visual, practical, individual

Material and technical equipment of the lesson:

Tractor MTZ-82, tractor track, instructional and technological map, educational waybill, set of tools, set of refueling equipment, rags, first aid kit.

Intersubject communication: traffic rules, device, operation of the tractor.

During the classes

I. ORGANIZATIONAL POINT – 15 min

II. INTRODUCTION TRAINING – 25 min

III. ONGOING INSTRUCTION – 45 min

The student independently, using the ITK, becomes familiar with the behavior of the ETO, the location of the controls of the MTZ-82 wheeled tractor, the instrument panel, and starting the engine.

After familiarization, the master points with a pointer to the controls and main components of the tractor, and the student names the correct name and purpose of the controls and instrumentation, and also names the units of measurement of control readings (if necessary, filling containers and control readings). The student independently repeats the order of ETO behavior. Then he practices an exercise to start the engine.

Starting the main tractor engine using an electric starter.

Starting the main engine using an electric starter (MTZ-50) . Turn on the glow plugs and after 15-30 seconds, when the control element of the glow plugs glows bright red, turn on the starter. When starting the D-21 (T-25, T-1SM) engine, the starter is turned on 30-40 seconds after the glow plug is turned on.

As soon as the engine begins to give continuous flashes and gain speed, immediately turn off the starter and heater.

For the D-21 engine, crank the crankshaft with the starter for 3-5 seconds, after which the compression is turned on, and when the engine starts to increase speed, the starter is immediately turned off. The starter should not be turned on for more than 15 seconds.

If the engine does not start running, repeat starting 3-4 times at intervals of at least 2-3 minutes so as not to damage the battery. If after this the engine does not start, you need to find and eliminate faults that make starting difficult.

A warmed-up engine can be started without turning on the spark plugs or glow coil, heater and decompressor. If the start is carried out at an air temperature below 5 ° C, the main clutch is turned off to facilitate starting, and the glow plugs are turned off 10-15 seconds after the starter is turned off.