School Bus Fuel consumption per 100 km • Interior and layout

Modern cities are unthinkable without public transport in all its diversity. The ground part is represented by trolleybuses, buses, trams, and minibuses. Self-propelled vehicles deserve special attention, since they do not require either rails or overhead contact lines to function. Changing an existing route or adding a new route is an easy task. Middle-class buses, which make up the majority of transport on urban and suburban routes, are the most important part of the urban vehicle fleet. Pavlovsky Bus OJSC specializes in buses of this type. The company has a long and glorious history. He produced the first bus back in 1952. Today the plant produces over 30 different variations of PAZ buses.

Fuel consumption rates: we use winter coefficients

Fuel consumption standards are indicators approved annually by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Almost every second organization faces the write-off of fuel and lubricants: even companies that are not involved in transportation, as a rule, have vehicles on their balance sheet or rent them. The question inevitably arises: how to take into account the costs of writing off gasoline and other fuels and lubricants. Explanations from regulatory authorities are contradictory and change frequently. We will show you how to calculate the standards, tell you what regulations currently regulate this issue and what tax authorities are now saying about accounting for such costs.

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Qн = 0.01 x Hs x S x (1 + 0.01 x D). Salon and its features

The main direction of the strategy of the Russian Buses company, aimed at reducing production costs, was the refusal to use energy-intensive stamping production and the transition to a tubular body frame with priority use of plastic external panels; a similar technology was tested on the new serial bus PAZ-4230 of the Aurora family, which is already widely represented On the market. 10-4L-4,15-116-5M data-sheets-numberformat NULL,1 17,8 D GAZ-37972 ZMZ-40630A-4L-2,3-98-5M data-sheets-numberformat NULL,1 16,4 Used Vans since 2008 Model, brand, vehicle modification Engine power, l.

Advantages

PAZ-4234 buses are equipment that is widely in demand for operation on Russian roads, thanks to:

• improved technical characteristics;
• Possibility of operation on urban and suburban routes;
• high maintainability and availability of spare parts anywhere in the Russian Federation;
• suspension reliability even in difficult road conditions;
• affordable cost and quick payback period with active use for passenger transportation.

Technical specifications • Interior features

• work in mountainous areas (from 5 to 20%);
• operation in populated areas with a large population (from 5 to 35%);
• driving at a reduced speed (for example, at a speed below 20 km/h - up to 35%);
• operation over 5 years and mileage over 100,000 km (5%), over 8 years and 150,000 km (10%);
• use of air conditioning (up to 10%).

Qн = 0.01 x Hs x S x (1 + 0.01 x D) + Hot x T, (2) • What do they do with it after it has exhausted its limit.

Reviews

For questions regarding warranty and service maintenance, on-site repairs, and the purchase of spare parts, you can contact us by phone: 8 (Moscow, Ketcherskaya St., 13).

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People's bus PAZ PAZ-32053, PAZ-32053-07, PAZ-4234

where Qn is the GAZ fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l; Hs is the transport norm of fuel consumption for the mileage of a GAZ, l/100 km (taking into account the passenger load normalized by class and purpose of the bus); S —bus mileage, km; Hoth - fuel consumption rate when using standard independent heaters for the operation of the heater (heaters), l/h; T — operating time of the GAZ bus with the heater on, h; D — correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm, %.

Design features of PAZ-4234

The bus is equipped with a pre-start engine heater. The engine cooling system is liquid. Other technical characteristics of the vehicle indicate its comfort and safety.

The body of the bus is of a load-bearing type, all-metal, carriage-assembled. It is designed for six years of operation.

There is only one gearbox - five-speed, with mechanical gear shifting, transferring the full potential of the engine to the rear axle. The bus has a dependent suspension on both axles with leaf springs and anti-roll bars, a dual-circuit pneumatic brake system with ABS.

Fuel passes through cleaning filters twice. Motor transport is famous for its efficiency - fuel consumption is low. At partial load, the PAZ-4234 produces 18.4 liters of diesel per 100 km, and at maximum load – 24 liters.

Overall dimensions of PAZ-4234
As standard, the bus is equipped with power steering. The device helps to control vehicles with maximum precision without using much force.

Diagram of the pneumatic drive of the brake system of the PAZ bus

• parking – drive from spring batteries to the brake devices of the rear wheels;
• working - pneumatic drive with two circuits, separated along the axes, brake mechanisms of all wheels are drum type, anti-locking is available;
• spare - one of the circuits of the working brake unit.

The system ensures the shortest braking distance even at maximum acceleration of up to 95 km/h and allows you to quickly stop the bus in changing conditions on the road.

Benefits of the salon

To make it convenient for passengers to get on and off the bus, the model is equipped with two doors. The convenience of the seats in the cabin of this modification of the PAZ lies in their semi-softness and comfortable backrests. The distance between them allows you to freely place your legs without resting on the front seats. The ceiling height in the cabin is 196.5 cm, which is convenient for tall passengers.

The driver's seat is adjustable horizontally, and the backrest can also be adjusted. It is also equipped with a shock-absorbing suspension.

The heating system is liquid, transferring heat from the engine cooling circuit to five heaters. Ventilation of the groove is not of a forced type, but is carried out through well-designed hatches and vents. Thanks to them, the cabin is fully ventilated, which prevents passengers from languishing in stuffiness and heat.

Characteristics

The difference lies in the modification of the pneumatic-hydraulic brake system. There is also a hydraulic vacuum drive.

The 32054 PAZ steering uses a nut with an additional hydraulic booster. With this arrangement, the reliability of the unit has increased significantly. There is also no need to use different hoses.

In addition, the spring suspension has undergone changes. The track has become narrower, which has significantly reduced the turning radius of the bus. New springs were also installed, which increased the smoothness of movement. However, externally the model has not changed at all.

From what date do winter fuel consumption standards apply for 2022?

In particular, the restyled models of 2007 already have modern interior trim in the form of plastic, dual semi-soft velor seats, and a thoughtful installation of handrails. where Qn is the fuel consumption rate for a GAZ car per 100 km, l; Hs basic fuel consumption per 100 km, l 100 km; S car mileage, km; D correction coefficient is the total relative increase or decrease to the norm.

Modifications of PAZ-4234

PAZ designers are constantly improving equipment, releasing new modifications designed for general or highly specialized applications. Therefore, spare parts should be sought for a specific version.

PAZ-423470-04. This is a school bus designed for suburban use. The cabin has 31 seats - for two adults and 29 children. Luggage shelves allow you to place backpacks and other items. The seats with seat belts installed on the podium are soft and turned to one side. The equipment is equipped with external and internal speakerphone. The package includes speed limiting devices and automatic signaling when the vehicle moves backwards.

PAZ-4234-05 (Cummins). The equipment is designed for travel in megacities and to nearby settlements. Handrails for standing passengers are located throughout the cabin. In the basic configuration, the Cummins diesel engine is equipped with an autonomous Webasto-type pre-heater, which allows convenient use of the vehicle in winter temperature conditions. Eco-safety standard - Euro-5.

PAZ-4234-04. Designed for use on urban and suburban routes. Semi-soft seats with a low back or high, separately located ones can be installed. The second option is especially convenient on long trips. Urban models have two storage areas and two doors. The presence of a pre-heater greatly facilitates the operation of equipment in winter conditions. The buyer can order increased interior comfort.

Models of the northern version have double glazing and the interior is insulated.

Car generations • Interior features

10-4L-4,15-116-5M data-sheets-numberformat NULL,1 17,8 D GAZ-37972 ZMZ-40630A-4L-2,3-98-5M data-sheets-numberformat NULL,1 16,4 Used Vans since 2008 Model, brand, vehicle modification Engine power, l. Conducting editorial tests on the test roads of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NITSIAMT, you somehow forget that this is a place of increased concentration of new models of the global automotive industry.

GAS fuel consumption standards Features of use

• PAZ-3205-10 and 12 modifications run on gas; the model was not sent for mass production;
• PAZ-3205-20. Number of passengers 16. There are several modifications of this car. The cargo compartment can vary from 5.5 to 15.2 cubic meters;
• PAZ-3205-50 premium version. It was produced in the nineties. The seats were more comfortable, but not adjustable;
• PAZ-3205-60 was produced specifically for northern latitudes. It has additional glazing, internal lining and a spare heater.

GAZ-SAZ • Qn 0.01 x Hs x S x 1 0.01 x D Hot x T, 2.

Petrol

where Qn is the GAZ fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l; Hs is the transport norm of fuel consumption for the mileage of a GAZ, l/100 km (taking into account the passenger load normalized by class and purpose of the bus); S —bus mileage, km; Hoth - fuel consumption rate when using standard independent heaters for the operation of the heater (heaters), l/h; T — operating time of the GAZ bus with the heater on, h; D — correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm, %.

PAZ-32053 with a gasoline engine ZMZ-5234.10

It is probably incorrect to compare the car of today with its “brother” from six years ago in terms of power unit. At that time we were dealing with a completely new car, the same sample had been tested a long time ago, and all the “childhood diseases” were eliminated by the PAZ drivers during operation.

The engine idles quietly. The noise is created only by the pneumatic compressor, and the squelching sound of the operating compressor is similar to the squealing of a black grouse. But when the engine speed increases, a characteristic sound appears, somewhat reminiscent of the operation of the engine of an old GAZ-53 truck. Naturally, in this case you can no longer hear the pneumatic compressor.

The starting dynamics of the petrol PAZ are quite good - the engine power is still 130 hp. With. The gearbox engaged in gears without problems, except for two – fifth and reverse. For some reason, the fifth gear was engaged all the time with a “breakdown”, i.e. with a slight grinding sound, the reverse gear was also difficult, but for a different reason - there was not enough space.

Operation and repair

The PAZ-4234 bus is quite easy to maintain and repair. The presence of a large number of spare parts helps to speed up the elimination of breakdowns or the replacement of components that have become unusable. But it must be remembered that due to constant improvements to the bus, spare parts must be selected strictly for a specific modification.

Technical characteristics of the PAZ-4234 bus Parts for vehicles are produced not only by the manufacturer, but also by third parties. To make it easier to find and purchase spare parts, there are catalogs. When diagnosing faults in electrical wiring, it is necessary to take into account that there are two separate circuits: one goes to the passenger compartment, the other goes to the engine.

PAZ-4234 is one of the most famous models of Russian buses, which is determined by its simplicity of design and reliability. The machine is extremely undemanding to operate, has good capacity, and repair time is minimal. Thanks to this, this model is popular among domestic and even foreign users.

Basic information, characteristics - Interior features

The streets of Moscow and highways aimed at Europe have recently turned into a permanent Motor Show and also cannot reflect the general situation on the roads of the entire country. The cars used a 2-liter 4-cylinder engine with a carburetor, working in conjunction with a 4-speed gearbox with a divider and an additional overdrive stage.

PAZ 3237 - technical characteristics. History and description

For example, during maneuvers on the turning loops of the testing ground's dynamometer road, the side glass of one of the buses fell out of the opening; the opening turned out to be larger than the glass itself. In 2000, the plant began production of more reliable modifications PAZ-32053 single-door and PAZ-32054 two-door - with axles from the Ryazan Automotive Units Plant RZAA and, most importantly, a new pneumatic braking system.

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