Transmission of 6X4 and 6X6 vehicles

The more driving wheels, the better the car will cope with driving on bad roads, but the faster the tires will wear out. Due to their good adaptation to driving on unpaved roads, 6x4 vehicles are often used in the construction or industrial fields. Thanks to the practicality of modern chassis, DAF produces a wide variety of well-balanced and comfortable vehicles (city vehicles, waste trucks, crane trucks, tank models and much more).

Modern models of DAF truck tractors are distinguished by a progressive approach to chassis creation, which is reflected in a number of features:

• a large selection of rear axles with a load capacity from 5 to 13 tons;
• possibility of using large fuel tanks (up to 1500 liters);
• Stabilink suspension provides excellent handling, decent load capacity and optimal lateral stability;
• high-performance gearbox;
• High-strength steel makes it possible to make the chassis lighter, which makes it possible to save fuel without losing reliability and safety.

Dump or trawler type tractors with an 8x4 wheel arrangement are also common. This scheme is common in fire trucks and truck cranes.

Common formula

If we talk about the wheel arrangement of passenger cars, it is usually 4x2 or 4x4. The first number indicates the total number of wheels, and the second indicates the number of drive wheels. Therefore, 4x2 (four by two) - the car has 4 wheels, 2 of them are driving. For all-wheel drive, both numbers will be the same (4x4, 8x8, 16x16).

On the Internet you can find entries like 2x4 (two by four), with the wording that for front-wheel drive, the drive wheels are indicated first. To test this theory, before publishing the article, we visited the official websites of domestic and foreign automakers. There was no confirmation; for all of them, the number of wheels comes first in the technical specifications.

Hence the simple conclusion: there is no front-wheel drive wheel formula, it is one for everyone.

Vehicle transmission characteristics

The characteristics of a car's transmission mean, first of all, the characteristics of the drive or the wheel formula of the car.

The wheel formula of a car describes the total number of wheels of the car and the number of driving wheels of the car. By the way, in the literature, and especially on the Internet, for some reason 4x2 is sometimes written as 2x4.

Examples of wheel formulas

4x2 – a car on four wheels, two wheels are driven; Most manufactured cars have this wheel arrangement; 4x4 – a car on four wheels, four wheels are driven; this wheel arrangement is often used on off-road vehicles; 6x4 - a vehicle on six wheels (three-axle), four wheels are driven, an example would be almost any commercial three-axle truck without a driven front axle; 6x6 – a vehicle on six wheels (four-axle), six driving wheels, an example would be any truck with all-wheel drive; 8x8 – usually special equipment is equipped with such a drive, for example, the Soviet “Lunokhod” had such a wheel arrangement, the essence of which boils down to doubling each of the four wheels.

Formula with slash

For trucks, after the second indicator (the number of driving wheels), there may be another one, separated from the main formula by a slash. For example, the Ural-5323 all-terrain truck has an 8x8/4 wheel arrangement. This means all 8 wheels are driven, and the number 4 means that half of them are steerable.

It is important to remember that even if there are 2 wheels on the axle shaft, they are indicated in the formula as one. Therefore, by the first indicator it is easy to find out the number of axles of the vehicle:

• 8 – four-axle;
• 6 – triaxial;
• 4 – biaxial.

Short wheelbase

If we talk about the percentage of cars, then there are much more cars with a short wheelbase, because these are “A”, “B” and “C” classes, which are so popular today.

The advantages of this option include: better steering response to driver actions, confident handling in small city streets.

Cross-country ability is much higher, and these cars are also not afraid of high lift angles.

Such cars are much easier to pull out of a skid; when accelerating and at high speeds, they listen better to the steering wheel.

Ideal examples are small city crossovers such as the NISSAN Juke or Opel Mokka, they have an excellent combination of wheelbase overhangs, ground clearance and the dimensions of the car itself. They can be all-wheel drive, which will only increase steering response and cross-country ability on moderate off-road conditions, which can form in any yard in winter.

For example, the same Nissan Teana will “sit down” where the Juke can easily fit through.

The disadvantages of this type are low stability at high speeds; you cannot drive them (over 150 km/h)!

Formula with a dot

Often in the formula for trucks and buses there is a dot followed by the numbers 1 or 2. Using an entry of this type, you can determine the tire size of the drive axle. Number 2 indicates a dual-pitch tire (2 wheels per axle shaft). If it is 1, all bridges are single-slope.

The name comes from the old designation for wheels - ramps.

Especially for Ikarus buses (colloquially “accordion”), a fourth digit was added to the wheel formula, also separated by a dot. It characterizes the tire structure of the trailer part of the bus. Possible variations: 1 and 2.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Wheel formula” is in other dictionaries:

wheel formula - - for rear-wheel drive vehicles (total number of wheels) x (number of driving wheels) x (tire of driving axles) x (tire of the trailer part of an articulated bus); for front-wheel drive vehicles – (number of driving wheels) x (total number of wheels). For example, passenger cars: 2101 - 4x2 ... Automotive dictionary

WHEEL FORMULA - see Axle formula. Technical railway dictionary. M.: State Transport Railway Publishing House. N. N. Vasiliev, O. N. Isaakyan, N. O. Roginsky, Ya. B. Smolyansky, V. A. Sokovich, T. S. Khachaturov. 1941 ... Technical railway dictionary

The wheel formula is a conditional characteristic of the vehicle's chassis, in which the first digit corresponds to the total number of wheels, and the second to the number of drive wheels. Source: Guidelines for conducting an independent technical examination of a vehicle when... ... Official terminology

Wheel formula is a conditional characteristic of 1) the chassis of a car, in which the first digit corresponds to the total number of wheels, and the second to the number of drive wheels; 2) the chassis of the locomotive, also called the axial formula ... Automotive Dictionary

Formula Russia - Formula Russia is the Russian championship in the class of cars with open wheels. It is an analogue of the European youth series Formula Abarth. In 2012, it was held jointly with the Russian Racing Championship. The main objective of the project is... ... Wikipedia

AXIAL FORMULA - see art. Wheel formula ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Armored cars - Equipping the Russian army with armored cars began immediately after the outbreak of the First World War. The theoretical basis for the use of this type of weapon was developed in the pre-war period by Colonel A. Dobzhansky and Lieutenant Colonel in ... ... Encyclopedia of Technology

Magirus-Deutz 232 D 19 - Magirus Deutz 232 D 19 ... Wikipedia

Magirus 232 D 19 - Magirus Deutz 232 D 19 ... Wikipedia

SLT 50-3 Elefant - SLT Elefant in the German army FAUN SLT (SCHWERLASTTRANSPORTER) 50 3 Elefant heavy tank transporter. Currently used by the German army. The first tractor units were delivered in April 1976. 324 SLT 50s were built until 1979... Wikipedia

Source of the article: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/974694

Other equipment

Tractors

The formula for tractors has its own characteristics. Often there are options 4k2, 4k2a, 4k4b. As with cars, the first number indicates the number of wheels, the second the drive ones. Letter A after the number indicates a smaller diameter of the front wheelset, B indicates equal diameters of the front and rear wheels.

Motor graders

A motor grader is a trailed or self-propelled machine designed for moving and leveling bulk materials and snow. The wheel formula for motor graders indicates the number of axles. Let's take a record of type АхБхВ, where:

• A – number of controlled axes;
• B – number of driving axes;
• B – total quantity.

All wheel drive car

Potential buyers who are wondering which drive is better usually do not find a clear answer to their question. In this case, you can get an all-wheel drive system. Its design feature is that forces can be transmitted simultaneously to the front and rear axles. In turn, you feel better handling and maneuverability in any, even the most difficult off-road conditions. As a rule, most often vehicles with this type of drive are produced in the bodies of jeeps and SUVs - smaller copies of jeeps designed for active movement on bad roads and minimal off-road conditions.

Benefits of all-wheel drive

• Regardless of what types of all-wheel drive you had to choose, the main trump card is the car’s high cross-country ability. This is achieved thanks to the good distribution of engine forces on each wheel separately. This is the merit of the car's electronic stabilization systems, and not of any mechanical devices.
• Due to the uniform supply of forces, a high level of directional stability is guaranteed. When cornering at high speed, the all-wheel drive system stabilizes the vehicle. Even if you manage to get into a skid (which in itself is a rare occurrence), you can get the car out of it by slightly turning the steering wheel.
• The tendency to slip is almost completely absent. And this is also the fault of the stabilization systems. Of course, on powerful jeeps, where engine power reaches 600 horsepower or more, slipping is possible, but even here it is unlikely to appear due to the smart on-board computer.

The video describes the types of all-wheel drive vehicles:

Disadvantages of all-wheel drive

• Perhaps the main disadvantage is increased fuel consumption. The engine has to service two axles at once - front and rear, creating optimal forces for movement. Consequently, the power plant must have a sufficient power reserve, which automatically leads to increased fuel consumption.
• The cost of repairs is also higher than with other cars. The reason is the complexity of the system.
• There is an increased likelihood of noise even if there is expensive sound insulation.

However, for active off-road driving, we recommend a car with all-wheel drive. If you have to drive around the city in quiet mode, both rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive are suitable.

Source of the article: https://7gear.ru/tuning/kolesnaa-formula.html

Wheel formula

• Wheel formula is a symbol for designating the total number of wheels of a vehicle and the number of drive wheels using two numbers:

× , in this case, paired wheels on the same axle shaft are counted as one wheel. For example, the wheel arrangement 6 × 4 means that the car has 6 wheels, 4 of which are driving (for example, ZIS-6). A car with all-wheel drive has a wheel formula where both numbers are the same (4 × 4, 6 × 6, 8 × 8, 10 × 10, etc.). For multi-axle vehicles, the wheel formula sometimes indicates the number of steering wheels capable of turning (for example, 16 × 16 / 12). In this case, the third digit is separated by a slash.

If the third digit is 2 or 1 and is separated from the second digit by a dot, then it indicates the type of tire on the driving axle. If the number 2 is used, then the driving rear axle (axles, bogie) has a dual-pitch tire, and the number 1 indicates that all wheels are single-pitch, so for biaxial trucks and buses the formulas 4x2.1, 4x2.2 are used (for example, a car GAZ-3307, LiAZ-677 bus), 4x2.1, 4x4.2 (PAZ-3206 bus), 4x4.1 (UAZ-2206, GAZ-66-11). For three-axle vehicles, the formulas are 6x4.2 (for example, MAZ-64226), 6x4.1, 6x6.2 (KrAZ-643701 timber truck), 6x6.1 (KAMAZ-43101), 6x2.2 (Mercedes-Benz-2235 tractor "). For four-axle buses - 8x4.2, 8x4.1, 8x8.2, 8x8.1 (MAZ-537). For articulated buses, the fourth digit 1 or 2 is introduced into the formula, separated from the third digit by a dot. Number 1 indicates that the axle of the trailer part of the bus has a single-pitch tire, and number 2 indicates that the bus has a dual-pitch tire. Thus, for articulated buses, formulas 6x2.2.1 (“Ikarus-280.64”) and 6x2.2.2 (“Ikarus-283.00”) are used. The axial formula of the locomotive is also called the wheel formula.

Related concepts

Explanations regarding the purpose of various types of axles are given in the article Axial formula of a steam locomotive. The axial formula of a diesel locomotive and electric locomotive is a conditional description of the main parameters of the undercarriage of a locomotive, describing the number, placement and purpose of axles.

Mentions in literature

Related concepts (continued)

A Monster Truck is a vehicle, typically styled like a pickup truck, modified or purpose-built with very large wheels, long-travel suspension, and a very powerful engine. Such cars are created to participate in special competitions - “Monster jams”, including off-road racing, car trials, jumping over obstacles (usually they are built from the bodies of old cars) and various acrobatic performances. A monster truck should not be confused with a wheeled all-terrain vehicle, which, despite...

St. Petersburg residents Alexander Galkin and Andrey Kudryavtsev created a number of original velomobiles with high technical characteristics in the late 1980s. The creative tandem went down in the history of the Soviet and Russian velomobile industry as the creator of high-quality velomobiles “Cruise”, “Krokha”, “Mackerel”, “Dolphin”, “Dolphin-2” and “Dolphin-3”.

Targa is a type of automobile body of a passenger car, a type of sports 2-seater roadster with a rigidly fixed windshield, a roll bar behind the seats, a removable roof and a rear window.

Source

Lost in translation

The term is not generally accepted in the world. Translations generally accepted in dictionaries (for example [1]) are inaccurate or completely incorrect: English English. wheel arrangement

refers to the railway (correct translation of “wheel arrangement” into Russian: axial formula of the locomotive).
There is no term similar to the Russian “wheel formula” (in relation to cars) in English; it is customary to write it in English. 6WD
and pronounce “six by six” (when a Russian would say “6x6 wheel formula”) or 2WD/FWD, etc. (short for English
wheel drive
);
There is also a more general term in English. automobile layout
(including information not only about wheelsets, but also about the location of the engine).

The German translation generally accepted in dictionaries is German. Radformel

contains 3 numbers (for example, 8x4x4) and includes information about the number of wheelsets capable of turning.

Basic Concepts

What is a transmission? This is a set of mechanisms that have the following functions:

• change of direction, as well as the magnitude of the torque;
• redistribution of torque from the motor to the wheels;
• distribution of torque to the drive wheels.

The operating principle of the unit is based on energy conversion. Based on this criterion, the following types of transmissions are distinguished:

1. Mechanical. There is a transformation and transfer of mechanical energy. These are classic planetary gearboxes.
2. Electric. Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, then after the energy is transferred to the wheels, it is converted in the reverse order from electrical energy to mechanical energy.
3. Hydrovolumetric. Mechanical energy is converted into the energy of fluid flow, then, after it arrives at the main wheels, the energy is converted in the reverse order.
4. Combined. There are electromechanical or hydromechanical types of devices. Such designs combine several methods of energy conversion.

Structurally, cars are divided by type of drive:

1. Front-wheel drive. The main wheels are the front wheels of the car.
2. Rear drive. The rear wheels of the car become the main ones.
3. All-wheel drive. Such vehicles have drive on all axle axles (front and rear).

For vehicles with different types of engines, different transmissions are used that have certain design features. The components of the transmission of a rear-wheel drive car are the following main components: gearbox, clutch, main and cardan drives, axle shafts, differential.

All main transmission components for front-wheel drive vehicles are located under the hood of the vehicle. The following types of transmissions are typical for all-wheel drive vehicles:

1. All-wheel drive design, activated by the driver. A prerequisite for the functioning of such a system is the presence of a transfer case, through which the torque is distributed between the front and rear axles.
2. Design equipped with automatic switching. Often the front pair serves as the main wheels. Instead of a differential, there is an electrically controlled clutch.
3. Permanent all-wheel drive system. The main feature of such a system is the presence of a center differential. The vehicle's cross-country ability increases, as does its acceleration performance. Such results are achieved due to the redistribution of traction force.

We recommend: What is Tiptronic automatic transmission and how does it work

We recommend watching a video about the purpose and operating principle of the transmission:

Engine and gearbox

The truck is equipped with 4-stroke 8-cylinder V-shaped power plants YaMZ-238. Depending on the engine modification, engine power ranges from 170 to 400 horsepower. The engines are quite economical. So, in mixed driving mode, the engine consumes 27.5 liters of diesel fuel for every 100 kilometers. When driving in the city, this figure increases to 40 liters, and on the highway, it decreases to 25 liters, respectively.

The engines can also boast excellent truck acceleration dynamics. So, with the speed limiter activated, the MAZ-6303 can accelerate to 85 kilometers per hour, and without the limiter, up to 100 kilometers per hour. The motors are reliable, unpretentious, repairable and comply with the EURO-3 environmental safety class.

As for the truck's transmission, various versions of YaMZ-238 gearboxes are installed. Transmission modifications depend on the modification of the motor used. The car is equipped with 8-speed manual gearboxes and synchronized forward gears. The model is also equipped with 4-speed manual transmission modifications. Such devices are additionally equipped with a dual-range planetary multiplier to increase torque.

Attention! A dual-range planetary range multiplier is used in the design of heavy-duty vehicles operating in difficult road conditions - the device expands the standard capabilities of the installed gearbox and allows you to increase the number of gears without interfering with the transmission design.

Tables

In the tables you will find formulas for the most common vehicles. Two or more indicators separated by commas indicate that the manufacturer has various modifications.