Since 1974, the MTZ 80 universal wheeled tractor has rolled off the assembly line of the Minsk Tractor Plant. The design allows the machine to be used in the following areas: agriculture, construction, and housing. Among wheeled tractors, the model is widespread, since the number of produced equipment exceeds its competitors.
The reason for the popularity of the technical tool is the use of a reliable and at the same time simple power plant, the role of which was played by the D240 engine. The design of the unit is simple, does not require complex maintenance conditions, and is used in temperature ranges of both southern and northern latitudes. In addition, the reasonable price of the engine and the installation of an assortment of attachments on the D240 make the device accessible to the masses of buyers.
MTZ 82.1 tractor with attachments:
Engine Description
The unit is a four-cylinder diesel engine, the cylinder block of the unit is reinforced, made of cast iron, the engine capacity of the D240 is 4.75 liters. The power plant is naturally aspirated, characterized by increased reliability and simplicity of design. The motor is easy to repair; the procedure is possible even in the field.
Since the power plant is diesel, the fuel supply is injection, the engine is provided with the necessary thrust and sufficient power. In addition, the D240 engine has a torque of 28 kgf*m, which is enough to complete most of the tasks. The process of starting the D240 power plant occurs using an electric starter; the D240L modification is equipped with a starting motor, which helps facilitate the start of the main unit in the cold season.
The design solution was to use a non-separated type working chamber on the power unit. In addition, there is double fuel injection, with the formation of working fluid vapors by volume and distribution of the fuel in the form of a film over the cylinder and piston. Thanks to the solution, it is possible to obtain an effect using the engine resource and realize the potential. Thus, the dynamic characteristics of the unit are higher, which makes it possible for the motor to cope with a large number of assigned goals.
In order to improve mixture formation, the designers made the working chamber in the form of a ball; this creates vortex flows inside the chamber and uses the generated heat effectively. The power plant produces 80 horsepower at 2200 min-1 crankshaft revolutions. Such indicators guarantee traction in the rev range.
High-strength gray cast iron helps the cylinder block of the power unit avoid thermal deformation. The material made the motor heavy, the weight of the D240 engine is 430 kg, this justified itself, since the motor does not have diseases inherent in similar mechanisms.
Performed operations, equipment for Belarus 82
The review of the MTZ 82 tractor presented in the factory catalog determines that it is most widespread when:
- soil preparation (plowing, harrowing, cultivation);
- fertilization;
- processing of agricultural plants, harvesting;
- transportation of goods;
- loading and unloading operations.
In this case, a large amount of the following specialized equipment is used together:
- trailed and mounted plows for various types of plowing;
- harrows, levelers, cultivators;
- combined units for tillage;
- rippers, shredders;
- mowers;
- pitchfork;
- devices for stacking;
- mowers;
- silage cutters;
- trailers, semi-trailers, platforms;
- loaders.
In farming and agricultural settings, loading and unloading operations are often required.
Purchasing specialized equipment for this work is expensive, since it is not possible to load the equipment for the whole year.
Therefore, the ability to aggregate MTZ 82 with loading and unloading equipment is considered a good solution. This allows you to get:
- front loader;
- loader-excavator for excavation work with a bucket volume of up to 0.3 cubic meters. m;
- installation lift (lifting height up to 9.0 m);
- grab loader for rolls;
- MTZ 82.1 with a mounting hook, for loading and unloading piece goods.
Technical characteristics of the D 240 engine
The popularity of the power plant is due to its simplicity and reliability. The decisive role was played by the characteristics of the D240 engine, which at the time of release met user expectations.
Engine D240 technical characteristics:
| Data | Decoding |
| Power unit, number of cycles | 4 |
| Fuel/air mixture | Chamber in the piston |
| Fuel injection pressure (kgf*cm2) | 175-180 |
| Cylinders, total (pcs.) | «4» |
| Cylinder position | vertical, row |
| Unit volume (l.) | 4,75 |
| Turn order | «1» + «3» + «4» + «2» |
| Cylinder, diameter (mm.) | 110 |
| Piston stroke (mm.) | 125 |
| Ratio of total volume to combustion chamber volume | 16 |
| Power (hp) | 80 |
| Impulse (kgf*m) | 28 |
| Engine weight d 240 (kg.) | 430 |
| Resource (km.) | 500000 |
| Lubrication | Lubrication system (pressure + oil vapor) |
| Engine oil, volume (l.) | 15 |
| Oil | Summer: M10G, M10V; Winter: M8G, M8V, DS-8 |
| Cooling | Liquid, closed, ventilation |
| Antifreeze volume (l.) | 19 |
The table shows the mass of the dry unit. Additional attachments or filling the unit with liquids increases the weight of the D240 engine assembly to greater values than those indicated in the table.
Due to the fact that the technical characteristics of the unit showed good parameters in terms of power and dynamics, the engine is often used for the conversion of ZIL and GAZ cars.
Popular and numerous modifications of the tractor
In 2000, the unit structure was actively modernized in order to increase engine efficiency. Then the MTZ-82 cabin was also changed. The tractor has become more comfortable for the driver, acquired a modern design and a new name - “Belarus 82”.
The cabin now features a shock-absorbing seat and optimized steering. The door has also been improved, now it closes more tightly and reliably. The designers took into account that during field work the driver is faced with the problem of air pollution inside the cabin. So, the tractor was equipped with a primitive climate control system. Thanks to this, the air inside the cabin is cleaned of dust and humidified.
The design of the MTZ-82 tractor was improved until 2000, so Belarus-82 is not the only version of the unit. Popular modified types of MTZ tractor:
- 82L – engine starting has been changed. In the basic configuration of the tractor, starting is carried out using an electric starter, and in the modified configuration - with a starting motor.
- 892 - a turbo-drive engine with higher power appeared - 89 hp. With.
- 82P - the tractor was modified for work in rice fields.
- 100 – a 100-horsepower engine was supplied.
Important! Many farmers and other entrepreneurs are interested in the question of how to choose the MTZ-82 optimal modification. First of all, you need to pay attention to the gearbox model (it may vary) and engine power.
Unit components
The normal functioning of the unit is due to the complex operation of the components.
- Components for reducing the excess temperature of the unit. The power unit, when the temperature exceeds the established norms, uses liquid in order to reduce the performance. The circulation of the substance occurs in a confined space, communication with the atmosphere occurs through a fuse.
Components:
- heat exchanger, liquid pump;
- thermal regulator;
- impeller blades, cooling cavities of the installation, tubes supplying and discharging cooling liquid.
Diesel cooling system D240:
- Engine lubrication system D240. The power unit uses single-circuit lubrication. Lubrication of parts occurs in a combination, some engine parts receive lubrication through forced spray, others by gravity and oil mist.
Components:
- oil intake mechanism from the bottom of the unit;
- pump supplying lubricant;
- centrifugal oil purification mechanism;
- heat exchanger, thermostat, mechanisms driving the pump.
Diesel D240 lubrication system:
- Components that ensure the supply of fuel. The power plant is equipped with components that are a collection of mechanisms and devices that ensure an uninterrupted supply of fuel and removal of burnt material.
Features of the MTZ 82 tractor engine
The tractor of the Minsk Tractor Plant MTZ 82 is currently considered one of the most popular agricultural machines used in the territory of the former Soviet Union. At its core, the Belarus 82 model is a deeply modernized MTZ 52 tractor, which at one time was one of the best in terms of cost, maintainability, reliability and performance. The successor absorbed all the good features of its predecessor, and, thanks to the new power plant, became faster, more powerful, and more productive.
Although up to 70% of the parts are unified with the MTZ 52 model, the power units of the MTZ 80 tractors have been completely updated.
D240 engine malfunctions - solutions
During the operation of the installation, defects associated with defects in the mechanism are revealed. When using the D240 motor, the following failures periodically occur:
| Behavior | Action |
| The power unit does not start. | |
| The penetration of the atmosphere into the mechanisms responsible for the supply of fuel. | Remove air pockets and fill voids with fuel. |
| Fuel cleaning elements are clogged. | Clean and rinse the filters, change if necessary. |
| Operation of a cold, insufficiently warmed-up power unit. | Warm up the air supplied to the cylinder using a heater. Pour hot liquid into the engine radiator. |
| Increased fuel viscosity. | Drain the old fuel, fill it with new winter fuel. |
| The starter does not crank the engine. | Remove the starter and carry out repairs. |
| The operation of the power unit is accompanied by malfunctions. | |
| The penetration of the atmosphere into the mechanisms responsible for the supply of fuel. | Remove air pockets and fill voids with fuel. |
| The nozzle holes are clogged and the needle sticks. | Clean the nozzle from carbon deposits and replace if necessary. |
| Clogged fuel filter elements. | Clean and replace if necessary. |
| The fuel jet comes out with low force. | Make adjustments and increase the jet strength. |
| The valve providing fuel pressure is leaking. | Dismantle the part, clean, replace. |
| The operation of the cylinder head valve is accompanied by malfunctions. | Remove the head and clean the part from carbon deposits. |
| Wear of pistons, cylinders and other group parts. | Repair the unit. |
| The D240 unit smokes: | |
| Black smoke | |
| Load exceeded. | Shift to a lower gear. |
| The nozzle holes are clogged and the needle sticks. | Clean the nozzle from carbon deposits and replace if necessary. |
| There is not enough air supplied to the unit. | Diagnostics and maintenance of the filter element. |
| Pump settings are incorrect. | Pump adjustment. |
| The alignment of the distribution gears is off. | Install the parts according to the marked marks. |
| White exhaust. | |
| The compression of the installation is not normal. | Adjusting the contact point between the valve and the seat. Grind in parts and replace those that have become unusable. |
| Diesel contains water. | Drain the fuel and fill with fresh fuel. |
| Blue exhaust. | |
| Combustion of lubricant with fuel. | Check how much lubricant is in the unit and adjust the required volume. |
| Wear of pistons, cylinders and other group parts. | Repair the unit. |
| The power plant stops working. | |
| The penetration of the atmosphere into the mechanisms responsible for the supply of fuel. | Remove air pockets and fill voids with fuel. |
| Power supply has been interrupted. | Diagnostics for the presence of fuel, performance of equipment and filters. |
| Presence of liquid in fuel. | Drain the old fuel and add fresh fuel. |
| Seizing: piston, crankshaft, camshafts. | Conduct diagnostics and repair. |
| The unit is knocking. | |
| Fuel is transported ahead of schedule. | Correction of the moment when fuel begins to flow. |
| Sprayer not fixed. | Carry out diagnostics and fix problems. |
| The contact point between the valve and the seat is broken. | It is necessary to adjust the valves of the D 240 engine. |
| The pin and seat in the piston are worn. | Repair the unit. |
| Wear of pistons and cylinder liners. | Repair the unit. |
| Crankshaft, wear: bearings, connecting rod journals. | Repair the power plant. |
| The unit is overheating. | |
| Insufficient coolant volume. | Bring the fluid level to normal. |
| Weak fan drive tension. | Check belt tension. |
| The power unit radiator is dirty. | Clean the radiator. |
| The cooling system contains a lot of scale and dirt. | Flush and clean the system. |
| The thermostat valve does not open completely. | Replace valve. |
