Pavel Gamankov, photo by the author
It is worth recognizing that the phrase “royal class of trucks” does not apply to all tractors produced in the post-Soviet space. Somehow they do not reach the upper class. So the question arises: what kind of consumer is the new MAZ-5440A9 designed for? And most importantly, who can be listed as competitors?
It is difficult to put domestic vehicles, including the KamAZ-5460 long-haul tractors, on a par with the Belarusian new product. First of all, because back in Soviet times, KamAZs were given a niche for regional rather than international transportation, and the vehicles were designed with an eye to the specifics of operation - weak load-bearing surface, small axle load, limited number of overnight stays in the cabin. Since then, no matter how hard they tried in Naberezhnye Chelny to create a real trucker worthy of an international truck, it didn’t work out. Numerous Chinese automakers, who have partly occupied the Russian construction equipment market, have not yet managed to reach the “royal class”. After all, long-range tractors are the elite. Perhaps the FAW CA4180 tractor we tested could become a direct competitor to the MAZ-5440A9, but its fate on the Russian market is still unknown. And it turns out that the new MAZ tractor will compete with the budget “saddle trucks” of the European “Big Seven”, which, by the way, are currently in steady demand among carriers. And who will be the winner in this fight is another question.
Visual inspection
The common noun “king of roads” for the new Minsk highways will not sound sarcastic. The tractor unit, complete with a three-axle semi-trailer MAZ-975830-3032, attracts not with its beauty or modernity. This is something different - you can see confidence and pressure in it.
Of course, upon careful examination, you notice that the flight of thought of the designers was limited to the cage of already existing clichés. You can’t jump above your head and serial technology. The cabin is standard, but the lower belt of the tractor is completely original - new optics, plastic deflectors, flaps, and a modified composite bumper. The decorative chassis fairings covering the sides of the tractor are made neatly, the bolts are plugged with decorative plugs. Cute. But on the starboard side there is a slot in the plastic trim for the manual cabin lift pump, and it looks somehow ridiculous on such a modern tractor. The pump remained the same, in its usual place, and the principle of operation did not change: “we didn’t live richly and there’s nothing to get used to?! In addition, someone has already managed, obviously by editing, to scratch the cover just near the cutout for the pump. Probably during the lifting of the cabin...
A fuel tank with a capacity of 550 liters is hidden under the fairings. This is 50 liters more than on the previous generation car - MAZ-544069. For comparison, the budget Scania Griffin has a fuel tank of 450 liters, the Renault Premium with an in-line dCi11 engine, a licensed copy of which is installed on the MAZ-5440A9, is equipped with a 570-liter tank, and the IVECO Stralis has 800 liter tanks. And this is in the basic budget package.
On the left side, there are steps in the plastic panel for access to the power unit. Nearby there is a fairly wide platform from which you can inspect and partially service the power unit, connect pneumatic hoses and electrical harnesses to the semi-trailer. Comfortable. At least the driver has a chance to perform some operations without getting dirty.
To increase the useful volume of transported cargo, the height of the fifth-wheel coupling device of the tractor was reduced to 1050 mm. The capacity of the MAZ-975830-3032 semi-trailer is 94 m3. These figures were partially achieved thanks to the low-profile tires installed on the tractor and semi-trailer (on the tractor - 295/60 R22.5, on the semi-trailer - 385/55 R22.5). But the car with a low seat was made more to demonstrate its capabilities. It has already been announced that the MAZ-5440A9 will be produced with a standard suspension height of 1150 and 1250 mm and a height of 1320 mm when installing a rear spring rather than an air suspension. That is, the consumer will be offered different options.
Car MAZ 5440a9
The MAZ 5440A9 truck is a model of a new generation truck tractor with a 4x2 wheel arrangement. The first single representatives of this class of cars rolled off the assembly lines of the Minsk Automobile Plant in 2008. Serial production of these trucks began a year later.
In terms of its technical characteristics and other basic parameters, this vehicle is quite capable of competing with trucks from leading European manufacturers. The excellent ratio of such defining criteria as price-functionality-quality contributes to the fact that the MAZ 5440A9 is currently one of the most popular models of truck tractors throughout the post-Soviet space. A distinctive and important feature of the MAZ 5440A9 is its low costs for repairs, maintenance and depreciation. The availability of spare parts and components is of great importance, allowing for routine repairs to be carried out in a short time and to avoid long vehicle downtimes.
As standard, the MAZ 5440A9 is equipped with a three-axle semi-trailer MAZ 975830-32. The external inspection of the car is impressive. The car looks modern and beautiful; its appearance conveys confidence, assertiveness and power. The updated high cabin has undergone significant design changes. A new design of optics, flaps, plastic deflectors, a composite bumper, decorative wheel fairings, steps for access to the power unit give the cabin an original touch of aesthetics and help improve the aerodynamic properties of the truck.
The cabin interior has also changed significantly. The amount of space for the engine tunnel is reduced to a minimum, which makes the interior more spacious and tall. A person of average build in the new cabin can now quite freely stand up to his full height.
The dashboard has been redesigned in a modern style; the instrument readings are perfectly readable, regardless of the level of interior illumination. Both driver and passenger seats are equipped with a pneumatic support, which allows you to adjust their position. The cabin is equipped with two sleeping berths of increased overall dimensions compared to previous tractor models. Improved heat and sound insulation. For even greater ease of driving and to increase comfort, the car is equipped with a whole range of modern electronic systems: tachograph, electric windows, air conditioning with built-in air conditioning, on-board computer, audio system, electronic traction control. The cabin suspension is pneumatic, which also increases ride comfort, especially when driving on uneven, bumpy roads. Now, thanks to this innovation, any “shaking” (the effect of the so-called “floating cabin”) is practically reduced to a minimum.
Among the design features related to the vehicle’s chassis system, it should be noted that the designers managed to reduce the height of the fifth-wheel coupling device relative to the road surface from 1,150, 1,250 and 1,320 mm, standard for most MAZ tractors, to 1,050 mm. This allows you to increase the volume of transported goods. The MAZ 975830-32 semi-trailer used as part of a road train has a capacity of 94 m3. The volume of a standard “Eurotruck” is 82 m3 (for comparison).
The car is equipped with a new generation engine of the Euro-3 standard - YaMZ 650.10 with a power of 412 hp, which is an analogue of the Renault dCi11 engine, and manufactured by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant with the permission and license of a well-known French brand company. The ZF 16S151 16-speed gearbox is manufactured by another well-known German company MAN. This configuration of the power unit allows the tractor to reach speeds of up to 100 km/h with a total road train weight of 44,000 kg, which is a rather impressive performance indicator for the vehicle.
As for consumer opinion regarding the MAZ 5440A9, reviews from buyers of this type of equipment clearly indicate in favor of this machine. The price of the new car is a little confusing in comparison with other analogues, but this is largely compensated by the subsequent low operating costs and efficiency of the car (with a full load of 20 tons, fuel consumption is no more than 35 liters per 100 km). It is enough to note that according to the results of the International Specialized Exhibition of Commercial Vehicles "COMTRANS - 2010" in the nomination of the competition "Best Commercial Vehicle of the Year in Russia" - "Truck of the Year", the MAZ 5440A9 was recognized as the best, leaving behind trucks from world famous manufacturers: Mercedes, Volvo, Scania, KamAZ and Ural. The decision of the competent jury was made in accordance with such basic indicators as the novelty of technical solutions, operating costs, sales volumes, financial terms of purchase, availability of service, etc.
The sale of trucks manufactured by MAZ in the Russian Federation is carried out by companies, enterprises and representative offices of the plant's dealer network. For MAZ 5440A9, the price averages 2,400,000 - 2,500,000 rubles.
Changed interior
To get into the tractor cabin, the driver will have to climb three steps - the floor of the cabin is at a height of one and a half meters from the ground. A bit high. But there is also a pleasant moment in this arrangement. There is practically no engine tunnel in the cabin, which creates the impression of a spacious and high cabin. This is especially felt when the upper bunk is folded. And if in American tractors you can at least play golf, then in ours you can at least play mini-golf.
The interior was modified and improved: the corners were smoothed, the unnecessary was removed, but the complaint remained the same - the cabin lacks the European neatness of execution. Even Chinese trucks, often inferior in technical terms, attract buyers with a modern interior, good assembly, and sometimes even better finishing materials than on MAZ. The front console has acquired a more modern look (although the plastic remains the same), the instrument readings are perfectly readable and assembled into a single unit, the parking brake valve is placed on the panel. But the gearshift lever is floor-mounted in the old fashioned way. If only I could grow up to a comfortable joystick...
The wide bunk somewhat limits the range of adjustments in the driver's seat, but overall the seat is comfortable. With some hint of lateral support and even moderately rigid (for less fatigue). The air suspension of the seat in combination with the four-point suspension of the cabin gives a slight swing while driving. The steering column is a bit difficult to adjust, but the range is wide. In general, you can get a good ride behind the wheel and it will be comfortable on a long trip. For the convenience of the driver, a whole range of electronic systems: starting from a tachograph, electric windows, an air conditioning system with built-in air conditioning and ending with an on-board control system (BSKD), which informs the driver about the loads on the drive axle, fuel consumption, etc.
The sleeping shelves are large. For example, the width of the top shelf is 70 cm. But unfolding it is not very convenient. Firstly, it is necessary to fold the headrest of the driver's seat or move the seat a little forward, which will make the driver uncomfortable. This means that while moving, your partner can only sleep on the bottom bunk.
Modifications
There are 8 tractor models, where the MAZ 6430A9 modification is considered the most common.
Cabin 6430A8
This machine was put on the production line in 2006. Features of the model include:
- braking system with ABS;
- automatic speed limiter;
- spoiler;
- tachograph;
- heating the power unit.
The cabin is soundproofed, and the seat is adjustable depending on the height of the driver.
The technical parameters of the A8 are similar to the original. Engine power reaches a maximum of 400 hp. It must be said that the tank is also designed to hold 500 liters of fuel. The wheel formula is 6x4 and weighs 26.1 tons. The maximum speed limit is 90 km/h.
Popular A9 tractor
The modernized version of the MAZ 6430A9 differs from the A8 in the ratio of load capacity and total weight. Power is 412 hp. at 16 speed transmission modes. The speed limit is 100 km/h. But the maximum fuel capacity remained unchanged.
MAZ 6430A9 with index 1320 020 is equipped with a turbocharger and a spoiler. It is also equipped with an air heating and cooling system.
Exploitation
The tractor is used when transporting goods over long distances. The advantage of the model is the anti-traction system. The MAZ 6430A9 cabin with serial number 1320 020 was equipped with a berth and a seat with springs.
Model B9
Car 6430B9 belongs to a later generation. The developers have modified the engine to Euro-4 standard and increased the level of sound insulation in the cabin.
The transport is suitable for long-term international transport with an upper permissible weight limit of 52 tons. Low diesel fuel consumption allows you to save money throughout your journey. Engine power reaches 412 hp. The number of wheels is 6: four of them are of the driving type.
Generation C9
When considering the modification 6430С9, it should be compared with the MAZ 6430a9. The two models are fundamentally similar, but they also have differences. The power of the C9 engine reaches 420 hp. as opposed to 412 hp. (not to mention the A8 with 400 hp).
As for the frequency, it reaches a limit of 2,200 rpm. The remaining parameters of the modification do not differ from the MAZ 6430a9 with the index 1320 020. The same standard tank holds 500 liters and the speed is up to 100 km/h. Manual transmission and engine capacity - 12 liters.
The tractor is equipped with a 6-cylinder engine. The torque is 1,985 Nm, and the weight of the entire car is 33.2 tons.
The driver's cabin is designed for three people and has two sleeping places. It has an air circulation system for heating in winter and cooling in summer.
The machine belongs to the Euro-5 type according to the standards for the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
E9 tractors
The MAZ 6430E9 cabover truck with front and rear leaf spring suspension is equipped with a Mercedes engine. The power of the power unit is 435 hp. With a mass of 32.9 tons, the car is capable of accelerating to a top speed of 100 km/h. The fuel tank volume in this modification is standard - 500 liters. Four driving wheels out of a total of six.
Separate category 643008
A special feature of the MAZ 643008 tractor is its operation even at low temperatures. The designers of the Minsk Automobile Plant installed a starting heating system, which allows the car to perform its functions down to minus 40 degrees Celsius.
Diesel fuel consumption per 100 km is in the range of 27-36 liters, which depends on the time of year. The load capacity of the tractor is 15.7 tons with a curb weight of the vehicle of 10.1 tons. The volume of the oil tank is 16 liters, the fuel tank is 500 liters.
Moreover, the maximum power output from the engine is 400 hp, and this is with 16 gears. The cabin has two berths and adjustable seats. There is also improved sound insulation, and there is also an air cooling and heating system. Eco-standard "Euro-2".
Truck tractor 643019
The presented model has three axles, a 6x4 wheel formula and pneumatic power steering. The cabover car is capable of producing a maximum power of 435 hp. Moreover, a 6-cylinder engine is built in here. The torque is 2,100 rpm.
A Mercedes engine consumes diesel from 28 to 35 liters. 16-speed manual transmission. And also a pneumatic mechanism with four suspended cylinders and a friction disc clutch.
Such a tractor weighs 25.6 tons and is capable of a maximum climbability of 27%. The temperature operating range of the machine is from minus 40 degrees to plus 35 Celsius.
Representative with number 643028
A tractor without a hood with a tank capacity of 500 liters is a worthy modification to the model range.
Characterized by the presence of:
- mechanical transmission;
- 16 speed levels;
- EDC electrical unit and a torque of 1,985 Nm. The mechanisms allow the trucks to withstand a rear bogie load of 33.2 tons.
The cabin has a built-in LCD display, as well as a ventilation and adjustment system for the driver's seat. The WP12.430E50 engine is capable of delivering 400 hp, which allows the car to reach a speed of 110 km/h.
The following options make this truck the best in the series:
- Spring suspension;
- Diesel output from Common Rail;
- Friction clutch with remote control gearbox.
It turns out that this model is even superior to the MAZ 6430A9, a popular modification of the series.
Row heart
Currently, the equipment of the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with several engines that meet Euro 3 environmental standards. These are V-shaped engines YaMZ-6581.10 with a power of 400 hp. (see test MAZ-6516 (8x4), German Mercedes-Benz and Deutz engines (installed at the request of the customer) and in-line six-cylinder power units YaMZ-650. The latter, as planned by the designers, will be installed on MAZ-5440A9 tractors.
On the one hand, the consumer can choose the motor to his liking, and this is good. But on the other hand, specialists at the Minsk Automobile Plant are already talking about a trend towards deunification, which in Belarusian and Russian realities may not benefit consumers. True, no one is in a hurry to abandon the in-line licensed engine. After all, even with the deepest feeling of patriotism, one cannot help but admit that domestic engine manufacturers are not yet able to offer a competitive analogue of their own design. The YaMZ-650 has excellent liter power, weight and torque.
It should be added that the engine assembled by Tutaev is still structurally different from the French Renault dCi11. Russian specialists have modified the fuel equipment and made changes to the software. After modifications, the YaMZ-650 is capable of developing a power of 412 hp. and maximum torque of 1900 Nm. For comparison: budget Renault Premium (“Vostok-2”) are equipped with a dCi11 engine with a power of 361 hp. and torque 1830 Nm.
We only had the opportunity to use an empty MAZ-5440A9 coupled with a 94 cc semi-trailer, so I won’t talk about dynamic performance. The only thing that can be said unequivocally is that the YaMZ-650 motor, even by ear (without special equipment), complies with Euro 3 standards for noise level. A running diesel engine does not affect your ears if you are in the cabin (and it is well soundproofed), or even near a running car. And it’s not a matter of sound-absorbing mats - the Yaroslavl unit works quietly even with the cabin raised.
The motor spins great! The car reacts sensitively to pressing the gas pedal.
Understanding the gearbox switching diagram is a piece of cake.
The low and high ranges are switched by a flag on the lever, each range has a 2 N circuit. The gears are placed in a sequence that we understand from left to right - these are not Chinese labyrinths. The gearbox and clutch pedal work well together, but sometimes “biting” occurs when downshifting. This is strange, because the car has traveled under its own power to a huge number of exhibitions, has run more than one thousand kilometers - which means that you can no longer refer to running-in. Although this is really a trifle that can only be discussed when positioning the MAZ-5440A9 as a competitor to used European trucks. Otherwise, the control panel works predictably and is a pleasure to interact with. But there is already talk about a possible change in gearbox. Most likely, the Mazov team will traditionally offer the consumer a cheaper transmission option, and the tested ZF gearbox will be installed to order. I think this approach is reasonable. Technical characteristics of the MAZ-5440A9+MAZ-975830-3032 road train
| Wheel formula | 4x2 |
| Permissible total vehicle weight, kg | 18 200 |
| Permissible total weight of the road train, kg | 44 000 |
| Permissible load on the front axle, kg | 6700 |
| Permissible load on the rear axle, kg | 11 500 |
| Permissible load on the saddle, kg | 10 350 |
| Weight of the equipped vehicle, kg | 7700 |
| Maximum speed, km/h | 100 |
| SSU height, mm | 1050 |
| Engine | YaMZ-650.10 Euro 3, turbodiesel, I-6 |
| Engine power, hp | 412 |
| Transmission | ZF 16S151 |
| Number of gears | 16 |
| Drive axle ratio | 3,11 |
| Tire size | 295/60 R22.5 |
| Fuel tank, l | 550 |
MAZ 5440 truck tractors are designed to work as part of a road train for intercity and international transport. All MAZ 5440 tractor-trailers meet modern environmental standards and are distinguished by fuel efficiency and high traction qualities. Prices for MAZ 5440 truck tractors, combined with high performance parameters, allow MAZ trucks to be considered the best tractors in terms of price-quality ratio. All truck tractors, like other MAZ 5440 trucks, are equipped with an anti-lock braking system, an autonomous heater of the Webasto type. When used as tractors for towing tank semi-trailers, car transporters, and dump semi-trailers, MAZ truck tractors are equipped with additional equipment - hydrofication, flashing beacons, protection fuel tank.
To enlarge the photo, click on the image.
Specifications:
Comparative table of modifications of MAZ 5440 cars
| Vehicle model and equipment | Wheel formula | Engine model | Power engine hp | number of gears | Gearbox model | Tank, l | SSU height, mm | nag./SSU, i.e. | Sp. place | Tires | Features of the vehicle |
| 5432A3-322 | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6562.10 | 250 | 8 | YaMZ-2381 | 350 | 1290 | 8,5 | removed from production, instead of MAZ-5440A3-320(-370) (330)-000 (002) | Large cabin; | |
| 544019-421-030 (031) | 4x2 | dv. MERSDES | 435 | 16 | ZF-16S221 | 500 | 1250/1150 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof, 2 berths; pneumatic cabin suspension |
| 544019-1421-031 | 4x2 | dv. MERSDES | 435 | 16 | ZF-16S221 | 500 | 1150 | 10,7 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Restyled cabin, long with a high roof, 2 sleepers. places; pneumatic cabin suspension |
| 5440A3-320-002 | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6562.10 | 250 | 8 | YaMZ-2381 | 500 | 1270 | 11 | 1 | 315/80R22.5 | The cabin is short with a low roof and has 1 sleeping position. place |
| 5440A5-330-000 | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6582.10 | 330 | 8 | YaMZ-238M | 500 | 1350 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof, 2 sleepers. Places |
| 5440A5-330-030(031) | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6582.10 | 330 | 8 | YaMZ-238M | 500 | 1250/1150 | 11 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof, 2 beds. Places |
| 5440A5-370-030 | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6582.10 | 330 | 9 | 9JS135A | 500 | 1250 | 11 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof, 2 sleepers. places |
| 5440А8-360-030 (031) | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-6581.10 | 400 | 16 | ZF-16S1650 | 500 | 1250/1150 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof, 2 sleepers. Places |
| 5440A9-320-030 (031) | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-650.10 | 412 | 16 | ZF-16S151 | 500 | 1250/1150 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Long cabin with high roof 6430, 2 sleepers. Places |
| 5440A9-1320-030 (031) | 4x2 | dv. YaMZ-650.10 | 412 | 16 | ZF-16S151 | 500 | 1250/1150 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Restyled cabin, long with a high roof, 2 sleepers. Places |
| 5440E9-520-031 | 4x2 | dv. MERSDES | 435 | 16 | ZF-16S221 | 500 | 1150 | 10,5 | 2 | 315/80R22.5 | Restyled cabin, long with a high roof, 2 sleepers. Places |
Good but expensive
MAZ-5440A9 is certainly an interesting car, created taking into account modern automotive trends. Moreover, this car can seriously compete with European budget class trucks. The cost of the hitch and the MAZ service network developed in Russia are not the last factors. But, unfortunately, domestic consumers often demand even cheaper cars. This means that tractors will go into production that differ from the one tested, and most of the electronic bells and whistles will fall victim to low cost. It only gives us hope that operators will now have the opportunity to work on a tractor with a higher level of comfort.
MAZ-5440
MAZ 5440 is a 4x2 truck tractor that has been in production since 1997 and is one of the most common vehicles produced by the Minsk plant.
MAZ-5440 competitors: KamAZ-5460, Renault Magnum, MAN TGX, Mercedes-Benz Actros, DAF XF, Scania G, Volvo FH and similar tractors.
Let's look at the MAZ-5440 engines, which ones were installed and what you can choose from. Over the more than 20-year history of the model, the 5440 has been equipped with a variety of engines, both domestic and foreign. Here, large 8-cylinder YaMZ-238 and in-line 6-cylinder MAN D2866 are used on cars of low environmental class (Euro-1 and Euro-2), as well as V8 YaMZ-7511 for the environmental class Euro-2. The YaMZ-236BE2 and YaMZ-7601 motors fit the same class. Cleaner engines that meet Euro-3 standards are: V8 YaMZ-658, 6-cylinder in-line Cummins ISLe, and V6 Mercedes-Benz OM501. There is also a MAZ-5440 with a Renault engine for Euro-3 ecology, but in reality the Renault engine is the Yaroslavl YaMZ-650, which was licensed from a French manufacturer. Then, the environmental class was raised to Euro-4 and the above-described engines were replaced with more modern ones: in-line YaMZ-536 and YaMZ-651, V-shaped 6-cylinder YaMZ-656, Mercedes OM501 and Cummins ISLe were also brought up to Euro-4. The constant tightening of environmental requirements has led to the fact that MAZ-5440 engines step by step reached Euro 5. Such internal combustion engines are YaMZ-653 and the same Mercedes-Benz OM501. Relatively recently, MAZ-5440 began to be sold under Euro 6, which uses a large inline six from Mercedes-Benz OM471.
Which engine is the best on this list? Here we will find out. Below you will find all the technical characteristics of MAZ-5440 engines, how they differ from each other, what are their main malfunctions and diseases, what to do if the engine gets hot, the speed fluctuates, it troits, etc. You will also find out where the engine number is located, what the service life of your engine is, how much oil to pour, what kind to buy and how much oil you will need to change.
1st generation (1997 - present): MAZ-544003 (250 hp) - 11.15 hp. MAZ-544004 (300 hp) - 11.15 l. MAZ-544005 (330 hp) - 14.87 l. MAZ-544008 (400 hp) - 14.87 l. MAZ-544009 (420 hp) - 14.87 l. MAZ-544018 (435 hp) - 11.95 l. MAZ-544019 (435 hp) - 11.95 l. MAZ-544020 (435 hp) - 11.9 l. MAZ-544087 (375 hp) - 8.9 l. MAZ-5440A3 (250 hp) - 11.15 l. MAZ-5440A4 (300 hp) - 11.15 l. MAZ-5440A5 (330 hp) - 14.87 l. MAZ-5440A8 (400 hp) - 14.87 l. MAZ-5440A9 (412 hp) - 11.1 l. MAZ-5440V3 (269 hp) - 11.15 l. MAZ-5440V5 (310 hp) - 6.65 l. MAZ-5440V9 (420 hp) - 11.1 l. MAZ-5440S9 (422 hp) - 11.1 l. MAZ-5440E9 (435 hp) - 11.95 l. MAZ-5440M9 (475 hp) - 12.8 l. MAZ-5440W8 (400 hp) - 8.9 l.
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