UAZ Bukhanka salon - interior size, trim and trim.

This is the ignition key. Just a key. It must be inserted into the ignition switch and turned. And if everything else is in order, then the UAZ engine will start. This key does not perform any other functions. For door locks, and the UAZ also has such, another key is provided. The car is not equipped with an immobilizer, and a universal tool—an ordinary screwdriver—is suitable as a replacement.

Today it is still unclear who exactly said the famous: “There are two troubles in Russia - fools and roads.” Most often, the authorship is attributed to Gogol, a little less often - to Karamzin, and even less often - to Saltykov-Shchedrin. But it is impossible to say who exactly said this phrase.

It is also unknown whether there really were some Japanese who, having seen our domestic UAZ 469 in the distant 70s of the last century, said the no less famous: “Whatever the Russians can’t come up with, as long as they don’t build roads.” Whatever it was in reality, two realities came together: the creation of engineers turned out to be a worthy answer to one of our troubles. Indeed, why build roads if there is such an almost reinforced concrete unit that does not care where to go? A car that the driver does not so much drive as perform hard physical work. So let's see how the UAZ 31512 is able to withstand bad roads.

Three instruments

The design of the utilitarian SUV, although not primitive, is clearly simple. Apparently, artists (yes, yes, in those years the word designer could get you somewhere far away, so there were only artists) and modelers experienced a certain shortage of working tools. Therefore, the first ones held only simple pencils in their hands, and the second ones received three tools: an axe, a plane and a file, which was used to do the final processing, after first cutting off pieces of iron with an ax and then planing them with a plane. This is probably why the body is not just poorly assembled, it was designed that way: with huge gaps around the entire perimeter, with different joints and gaps. One good thing about this solution is that the problem of interior ventilation has been radically solved! You don’t even have to remove the side windows, which, by the way, can only be removed with an open-end wrench. And nothing else.

Buying a body

Today, purchasing a new body 31512 or 31514 is not a problem. Many online stores offer painted or bare bodywork at the best prices.

As you know, a painted body, an awning, a panel tidy and everything necessary, except for the internal combustion engine and chassis, as well as the frame and transmission, is included in the 1st configuration of the UAZ.

In addition, the buyer is given the opportunity to additionally choose:

• A tent body with hard seats and new locks is offered;
• The proposed body is no longer a tent, but an iron one;
• With an iron roof and hard seats.

New bodies

As for the 3-pack body, it is rightly called a “boat”. Frame 31512, however, is painted, but without everything else. Here are the types of 3-pack body available to the buyer:

• Body with fixing elements for installing an awning;
• With holes for a metal roof.

No strangers allowed in!

For those who have never sat in the cab of a UAZ and don’t know what it is, I advise you to continue to live in the same spirit. And if you haven’t seen anything in your life other than bourgeois “Merces” and other “Toyotas,” then an excursion to the salon of the “469” may be your last... Let's start with landing. The chair on which the driver sits does not have any adjustment. Although it can be moved back and forth, you need to use a wrench to do this. The seat itself is low, thin, in short, plywood covered with fabric, under which a layer of foam rubber is laid. According to the designer, such a chair should have a headrest. And it even exists, but it looks like some kind of alien element, which, moreover, does not perform any other functions other than decorative ones.

I wonder who called this creation of iron masters “dashboard”? Several devices, three light bulbs, a bunch of different switches, the purpose of which can be found out only after you switch them

Four instruments provide complete information about the current state of the engine. It’s a pity that the UAZ 31512 does not have a tachometer

Seats. Let's be honest - you can sit in them. This is where their advantages end. For example, have you ever had to adjust your seat using a wrench?

This large iron handle is the only thing that can help the front passenger stay in his seat while driving off-road. After all, there are no seat belts in this car! There is a navigation lamp under the handle. Also made of iron

Steering wheel. This is worth mentioning separately, because you are unlikely to have seen anywhere else a huge steering wheel, more than half a meter in diameter, with a rim that barely reaches a centimeter in thickness! The rim is held on by three thin spokes. The only beauty of such a steering wheel is that it does not overlap the instrument panel in any position. Do you know why? Do you think that due to the small thickness of the steering wheel, it doesn’t get in the way? No matter how it is! The fact is that the instruments in the UAZ are located far from the steering wheel - in the center of the instrument panel. Instrument panel... what words! How can they be attributed to this machine? No... The instrument panel on the UAZ has died out as a class. Several holes were made on the bare metal, into which they embedded a speedometer and several control sensors. The instruments are harsh and easy to read even in such an unusual place.

Let's look further. Below the iron panel into which the instruments are embedded hangs a black piece of iron. This is a stove. It is turned on by one of the iron toggle switches located somewhere under the panel. These toggle switches are hidden there - like in a helicopter. And all of them are not signed, so before, for example, turning on the stove, you can simultaneously turn on the wipers, lighting, and fuel levels in the tanks...

Despite the image of a truck, the trunk of the UAZ is not very large. However, what can you expect from a car whose dimensions are comparable to those of, for example, the VW Golf III

Popular rumor says that everything in a UAZ should be held on by a wire. The owner of this car has been looking for a long time for a place where to use this steel product. And he came up with an idea - he secured the speakers with wire! But now he always has a supply of this irreplaceable “spare part” with him! By the way, a Soviet-made wooden speaker from the Comet-225 tape recorder produces excellent sound quality even from a Chinese “head”

Standard spotlight! Many jeepers either dream about this, or install it, and then run to the UDP to legitimize it

But most of all, a person who has driven only modern cars with automatic transmission all his life will be struck by the palisade of levers sticking out vertically in the middle of the cabin, four levers - the handbrake, two from the transfer case and one from the gearbox. Is everyone accustomed to operating the parking brake lever standing vertically? But this is not the biggest problem in driving a UAZ. The main thing is to drive it. It is not easy…

Replacing or altering the dashboard

Not so often, but still among UAZ owners there are those who do not ignore such “noticeable parts of the interior” - such as the instrument panel, dashboard and the instruments themselves. Which, in turn, can either be slightly modified (for example, changing the color of the scales or the backlight of standard sensors), or completely replaced with others, both from domestic cars and parts from foreign cars.

The process of making a homemade dashboard from plywood.

This instrument panel can be purchased from sellers of tuning parts and accessories. It seems that the choice of alternative plastic dashboards for the UAZ-469 in online and online stores is relatively large. And if you search, you can find some pretty decent panels.

Additional or alternative devices

Usually, when it comes to tuning the dashboard and dashboard , quite often the installation of additional auxiliary sensors and instruments takes place. Moreover, these can be not only purchased tuning devices, but also instrument indicators from other car models. And not necessarily foreign cars. Spare parts from domestic cars are often used.

Additional instruments on the panel in the UAZ Hunter interior.

Second fuel level indicator in the dashboard.

Installing an inclinometer with your own hands.

You can read about what to choose and how to install it yourself correctly in articles on the topic Additional equipment.

As part of a tank column

Judge for yourself: how can you drive on asphalt roads in a car, the creation of which had to satisfy the customer’s requirement - the ability to move over rough terrain as part of a tank column? Correct answer: on a tow truck. However, it’s expensive to carry a tow truck around, but you have to drive. Therefore, you will have to sit down at the steering wheel of this vacuum cleaner and scientifically figure out the purpose of the numerous levers, toggle switches and switches. And try to go.

I depress the clutch pedal, which hangs very high above the floor, grab the knob of the gearshift lever and, naive, make a smooth movement with my hand in the hope of engaging first gear. But the box said “hrrys”, which can be translated as “your last name is Vetochkin - break off.” Okay, I’m making a second attempt - I grab the lever with my strong hand, move the lever towards engaging second gear until the familiar “grunt” and then sharply engage first. Hooray! Stuck it in. I release the clutch, add gas, and the UAZ, creaking with its entire skeleton, jumps towards adventure.

And there were plenty of adventures. Who said that the UAZ is a slow-moving vehicle? Of course, it doesn’t give out one and a half to two hundred kilometers per hour. But even those 120 km/h at which this car is capable of moving on the road is enough to get an excessive dose of adrenaline. The engine power is enough for a relatively brisk ride. But very loud noise is not conducive to driving at high speed. At the same time, it is not difficult to identify the source of noise, because the main source of noise in the UAZ 31512 is the UAZ 31512. It is difficult to find a part or assembly in this car that would maintain silence while driving. The car is not rickety or loose, but at speeds above 90-100 km/h everything makes noise and rattles! The levers shake and ring, the engine revs and growls, the toothy off-road tires on the asphalt howl like a wolf at the moon. Somewhere under the seats both gearboxes are crying sadly. And the oncoming air flow, torn by the brute force of the iron body of the Ulyanovsk army SUV, literally screams somewhere above the ears of the driver and passengers.

— The main source of noise in the UAZ 31512 is the UAZ 31512 itself. It is difficult to find a part or assembly in this car that would maintain silence while driving. Everything is noisy and loud here!

But it’s not only noise that makes driving a UAZ a dubious pleasure. The rigid dependent spring suspension makes it possible to feel even the smallest unevenness. True, the car holds the road well, although it rolls a lot. The handling is interesting. The steering wheel is oak. It takes a lot of effort to turn the steering wheel in place. There is no hydrach. But you quickly get used to it, and then you begin to fit into turns, like in a normal car.

The braking system deserves special mention. Drum brakes on all wheels are very ineffective. In general, the car is not well suited for driving on asphalt. What about off-road?

Everything is very simple. What a normal person considers off-road, the UAZ driver perceives as an ordinary road. This, excuse the expression, car is capable of driving where the driver becomes really scared. If the UAZ's fuel pump does not overheat and the engine does not stall, then the car will slowly but persistently crawl forward, sneezing at all obstacles that a normal person could not even get close to. Light weight, high-torque engine, excellent body geometry and mud-resistant tires allow you to climb recklessly into the most remote places. What did you want from a car that had to be ready for any eventuality, including such as the possibility of further movement after hitting an anti-personnel mine. And all these requirements were dictated not by the market, but by the USSR Ministry of Defense. That's it.

Features of the legendary SUV

ATTENTION! A completely simple way to reduce fuel consumption has been found! Don't believe me? An auto mechanic with 15 years of experience also didn’t believe it until he tried it. And now he saves 35,000 rubles a year on gasoline! Read more"

Like all UAZs, the body 31512 is mounted on a frame. There are drive axles with a 1-speed main gear, but without final drives. The clearance of the UAZ 31512 is 220 mm.

Particular attention should be paid to the cardans. They are longer than the “loaf” shafts.

The car body is open and has a canvas awning instead of a roof. If there are versions with a metal or fiberglass roof, then this is always a tuning upgrade carried out on a basic UAZ 31512 with an awning. The manufacturer, for an additional fee, allows the user to install a hard roof.

UAZ with a metal roof

UAZ 31512, or rather UAZ-469B, has been produced by the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant since 1972. Since 1985, the car has been released as 31512 and 31514 - a version with reduction axles. After this, the SUV continued to be produced until 2005.

The modification made can be called restyling, because the versions of the UAZ 469 B were marked with fresh indices. In addition, the main innovation was the separate brake system, which was reflected in the replacement of the frame. Now it was impossible to install the already redesigned body on older versions of the UAZ.

More differences:

• Equipped with a lighter hydraulic clutch;
• The battery was moved to the right side;
• The steering has become improved. It is now installed in a split type;
• The glazing mirror has changed and is now equipped with an anti-dazzle device;
• Instead of a windshield washer equipped with a foot drive, a new electric service station was installed;
• The body was equipped with mandatory arches, increasing safety significantly. In addition, the canopy frame included RBs for all seats;
• They made the stove more powerful, and it began to heat up noticeably;
• An emergency light appeared in the power supply system, and plugs were provided in the wiring.

It is interesting that the assembly was carried out not only on UAZ, but also in other countries. Azerbaijan, Vietnam, Ukraine and Laos - in all these countries the 31512 was produced as an off-road passenger car.

Roof included in additional kit

As for the power of the power plants, in 1986 the UMZ-414 was subject to modernization. Its power was increased to 80 horses, the intake system and cylinder head were changed, and the pistons were changed. The cylinder liners, which no longer had inserts, were also modernized. Metal-ceramic valve elements appeared, and the antifreeze temperature regulator received a different design.

Carburetors were installed after the restyling of the K-131 or K-131A (before that there was a K-129B). The new carburetors had an immediate impact on fuel consumption. The UAZ has now become much more economical, and the amount of harmful emissions has decreased.

Due to the introduction of an expansion tank and a high-quality radiator cap, CO was transferred to antifreeze. The fan was replaced. Now it is 4-bladed, although still metal, but it conducts cooling of the power plant much better.

UAZ scheme

All these changes could not but affect the “maximum speed”. Now the speed was 110 km/h, which at that time was considered a record for a Soviet SUV. The quality of driving characteristics was also improved by the alignment of the cardans and the installation of new sealed cuffs. The springs began to be made differently, becoming much softer.

For driver comfort, brakes have been provided. The drive axles were also improved, and to improve the dynamic characteristics, the ratio of the number of teeth of the driven gear to the number of gearbox teeth was reduced. And that’s not all, because in order to increase the reliability of this entire modernization, the gearing parameters were also changed.

Here it is, naked mechanics!

Perhaps, even if the entrance to the UAZ was through the roof, I would not have paid attention to it. Because its essence is not in comfort and some kind of ergonomics, but in driving in terrain where it should not exist. I stand on the stones in anticipation of feeling an indescribable feeling - dominion over iron and nature. In front of my feet, which lie on brutal iron pedals, I can hear the grumbling of an engine familiar from childhood, and in my hands are a thin steering wheel and a gear shift lever. Everything vibrates and itches.

What won't you find in any modern SUV? Unity! You merge with the UAZ literally within minutes of starting to drive, as if you were driving naked. Neither plastic, nor upholstery, nor stabilization and electrification systems interfere - they simply are not here. In other words, Mowgli is against a pampered urban tourist, dressed and booted in modern advanced equipment.

Bang! My fifth point of support flew out of the driver's seat and almost moved to the passenger's seat. What was it? Calm down, just a boulder. To pampered off-roaders, it would seem like an asteroid. I’m starting to appreciate the large steering wheel not only because it is only a steering wheel, but also a universal strong handrail, otherwise the UAZ could have completely thrown me out through the next door, or I would have made a hole in the tarpaulin roof. Functional. Wow, it's shaking so much! The SUV feels every stone, but it rushes on without looking back at the path traveled.

— Have you connected the front end? - What? Isn't it turned on?

It turns out, no, I galloped around the floodplain of the rocky river only in rear-wheel drive. The gasoline engine has plenty of thrust. I didn’t even really press the pedal, which was dangling on a spring. As soon as I started, I drove, adding gas only on inclines. Phenomenal!

But why do you still have to pay for pleasure? And it’s okay if you pay with pieces of paper in the form of banknotes. In UAZ you will have to pay for the pleasure with eternal repairs and dirty hands. Papers in the forest or in the mountains will not help you. After another posing in front of the photo lens, this happened - the gearbox jammed. I turned off the engine and went out to look around. It smelled like a scorched clutch, and there was something dripping underneath...

But don’t be upset: the UAZ will not collapse and die. This is some kind of Terminator! He is beaten and blown up, but he still returns in the next episode (evidence of this is the return to the production line of “469”). Maintainability at its best is another feature created by Russian designers. Russian tradition. 5 minutes - and the owner of this miracle technology is already digging into the box with an ax, knocking out the jammed gear. Everything is provided, and even special hatches in the box that are designed for such repairs. Amazing!

The UAZ will give you the thrill of reconnecting not only with nature on planet Earth (and who knows, maybe somewhere on another planet), but also with the nature of the car. For all 100, and maybe 200. And, by the way, it will help you remember the lessons on technology in DOSAAF. Which is also needed.

Timur Enikeev

Personal car Subaru Legacy Outback.

A fan of classic rallying and rear-wheel drive.

History and Evolution

1959 UAZ 460B experimental

1972-1985 UAZ 469B

2010 UAZ 469 (315196)

The development of the UAZ 469 began back in the 50s of the last century, when the main customer, which was the USSR Ministry of Defense, gave an order for a new army SUV. In the first sketches, the new Soviet all-terrain vehicle had a rear-engine layout, independent torsion bar suspension on all wheels and a floating body. At the end of 1956, representatives of the customer who got involved in the work said that the car was called a cargo-passenger vehicle, and therefore should have a folding tailgate. The engine “moved” forward. But the independent suspension, which, by the way, the USSR Ministry of Defense insisted on, could not be implemented: it turned out to be too complex, time-consuming and unreliable.

The first car was presented to the customer in the fall of 1960. The ground clearance was considered insufficient. Then the idea of ​​two options was born - the military “469” with wheel gears and the national-economic 469B with conventional axles. Such samples were built in 1961. The new car passed state tests in 1964: in December it was recommended for mass production.

The first UAZ 469 rolled off the assembly line of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant on December 15, 1972. Under the designation UAZ 469, the car was produced until 1985, after which, in accordance with the industry system, it received the four-digit number 3151 (the civilian modification 469B received the number 31512).

Simultaneously with the introduction of Euro 2 standards in Russia, the production of all modifications of the UAZ 3151 was stopped. Instead, the UAZ Hunter, a modernized version of the UAZ, was produced. And just recently, the UAZ 469 went on sale, the same old “goat”, only with a new engine that meets Euro 3 requirements.

"Classmates"

Land Rover Defender

Mercedes-Benz G-Class

Land Rover Defender . The legendary English SUV, dating back to 1948. It exists in two main modifications, differing in base length: 2,360 mm (model “90”) and 2,795 mm (model “110”). Modern versions of this car are equipped with a 2.5-liter turbodiesel or a 3.9-liter V8 gasoline engine. The estimated cost of such a car was produced in 1996. is $14,000 .

Mercedes-Benz G-Class . The famous “Gelend”, originally created for the needs of the army. A very strong car with excellent cross-country ability. There are a very large number of versions of this vehicle, from civilian ones to transporters for towing guns. In our market, of course, mostly the former are sold. And sellers evaluate cars manufactured in 1996. on average $26,000 .

The price of the UAZ 31512 defies logic - in Almaty there are cars that sell for $2,000 , and others for $15,000 ...

UAZ 469 interior reupholstery

Also among owners of a popular domestic SUV, a fairly popular area of ​​internal tuning is changing the upholstery of some interior elements or the entire upholstery, including the ceiling, side panels and doors (sometimes the dashboard and steering wheel). In this case, various modern and classic materials are used for upholstery: fabric, Alcantara or leather.

Complete reupholstery of the interior with artificial leather, made by hand.

Replacement and (or) reupholstery of seat upholstery on Bobik.

Re-upholstery of the ceiling and load-bearing frame.

We recommend reading more about the intricacies and details of this type of work in the section Reupholstering the interior.

UAZ record holder

A few years ago, the UAZ 469 set a new world record for the capacity of a passenger car. 32 people could fit inside this SUV at a time. The total weight of passengers including the driver was 1,900 kg. UAZ 469 with this load drove 10 m, as required by the conditions for setting a world record. The record was registered by the International Agency of Records and Achievements, and photo and video materials indicating the establishment of the record were sent to the World Edition of the Guinness Book of Records.

In August 1974, three completely standard (without winches and traction chains) UAZ 469 vehicles reached a glacier on Mount Elbrus at an altitude of 4,200 meters during a test run.

Chassis UAZ 31512

The chassis of the UAZ 31512 is very simple. The bridges are suspended from the frame on springs. Vibrations are damped by conventional hydraulic shock absorbers. There are no other elements in the suspension: no levers, no stabilizers, no various rods. The simplicity of the design allows the chassis to be repaired in the field. But such a suspension also has a drawback - driving performance, and especially handling, to put it mildly, leave much to be desired.

Do-it-yourself noise insulation

Most often, at the initial stage - before the main work on further remodeling of the interior, partial or complete soundproofing of the UAZ interior is carried out. It should be noted that the more attention you pay to the sound insulation process (the correct selection of noise and heat insulation materials, the choice of glue and the method of fixing them) - the more impressive the results will be. That is, the daily operation of a popular SUV will become an order of magnitude (sometimes several) more comfortable.

The process of soundproofing the trunk and rear of the cabin.

Do-it-yourself budget soundproofing of UAZ doors.

Soundproofing of the floor and other elements - internal tuning.

More information can be found in the Interior Soundproofing section.

About security

The UAZ has a very solid foundation. The frame is so strong that even if it hits a concrete wall, it receives little damage. However, this is the car’s main drawback in terms of passive safety. The frame does not dampen the impact energy at all, but transfers it to the body, which breaks off its mounts and flies forward. But the energy of the impact is not completely extinguished here, but is transferred to those sitting in the cabin.

Alas, the driver and passengers are doomed in this case, because instead of airbags they are faced with a rock-solid steering wheel, that same iron handrail and other objects that can cause injuries incompatible with life.

Specifications

Automobile

Engine

Dynamic characteristics

Transmission

Suspension

Brakes

Dimensions and weight

Installing and connecting music in the cabin

To one degree or another, it is difficult to do without this with any approach to improving the interior (starting from ascetic options and even more so in the case of serious alterations). Car audio and multimedia in the UAZ are real, although in most cases it is extremely irrelevant, taking into account the peculiarities of off-road operation. Therefore, during internal tuning, in any case, you will have to deal with the installation of music. Moreover, not only the head unit of the system itself, but also all the accompanying car audio components - amplifiers, acoustics, subwoofers and other “bells and whistles”. Usually a simple UAZ gets by with a minimum of such equipment, but there are exceptions that amaze with the originality and power of the equipment.

Installing a mid-range speaker in the front door.

Cool car audio in Hunter's trunk - a complete set of equipment.

A simple way to mount broadband acoustics in doors.

Various aspects of this type of modification can be found in the Car Audio section of our article catalog.

Other improvements to the interior

• Aluminum cladding;
• Rolling down windows in doors;
• Electric windows;
• Air conditioner;
• Pasting with film (carbon, wood, aluminum);

You can read about all these areas in the following materials. .

Video on tuning the interior of the 469th UAZ / Hunter

Video selection on internal tuning in UAZ showrooms. Work of varying degrees of complexity and material costs (cost of materials, spare parts and additional accessories).

And the latest photos with descriptions can be viewed in the UAZ Tuning section, or in the UAZ 469 tuning category of our photo album. Enjoy watching!

Real photos of internal tuning

You can find other useful materials using the links below.

You can view all articles on the topic Car tuning - photos online on one page by clicking on the link Photos on tuning UAZ models 469, 3151 and Hunter. Even more useful information

You will find it in the section: Car tuning - online photos of our article catalog.

You might be interested to see:

UAZ-Martorelli

Manufacturer: Martorelli SRI.

Start of production: 1973.

For the first time, citizens of the former Soviet republics learned about the connection between the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant and the Italian surname Martorelli in 1975. Then information appeared on the pages of the Soviet press about the “469s” participating in the international race across the Sahara, which was organized by the same Martorelli family to attract the attention of other Italians to the outlandish SUVs of the Land of the Soviets.

According to the idea of ​​successful entrepreneurs who established cooperation with Autoexport long before that time, such endurance rallies as advertising were bound to bear fruit. And they were right - the Italian public, with a penchant for off-road travel, was drawn to the new product.

True, there was a fly in the ointment in all this - the unattractive appearance of the car and the lack of any comfort in the cabin. It was decided to rectify the situation with the help of bright colors in which the bodies were painted, new steel wheels, linings on bumpers and wheel arches, kangaroo guards, removable plastic roofs, power steering, comfortable armchairs and rear sofas that had headrests and small side bolsters. support.

In addition, UAZs began to be equipped with foreign power units (they were installed in Ulyanovsk). In total, there were four models in the Martorelli line, of which the UAZ-Explorer with its original gasoline UMZ-451M (2,500 cm3, 75 hp) was considered the most affordable car. The rest are UAZ-Marathon with a Peugeot XD2 diesel engine (2,500 cm3, 76 hp), UAZ-Dakar with a Vittorio Martorelli VM turbodiesel (2,400 cm3, 100 hp), UAZ-Racing with a FIAT gasoline engine (2,000 cm3, 112 hp) - were significantly more expensive.

Over the 26 years of fruitful cooperation between the enterprising Martorelli brothers and the Ulyanovsk plant, more than 6.6 thousand modified UAZs were sold in Southern Europe, some of which were brought to Russia in the early 90s as foreign-made products.

UAZ-3907 "Jaguar"

Manufacturer: UAZ.

Show: 1983.

The UAZ-3907 Jaguar amphibious vehicle, which was created on the basis of the 469 model, was awarded a state prize in 1983. During tests carried out since 1980, it amazed the imagination. It was capable of moving through water at a speed of 8-10 km/h, sailing with twenty-one people on board (the design of the cabin was designed for seven), turning on water without a water rudder (using the front wheels), moving on land at speed 100 km/h, work at temperatures with a huge range (from +45° to −47°), tow a trailer weighing up to 0.75 tons... And despite the increased weight, have excellent cross-country ability thanks to the flat bottom. With all this, the Jaguar looked like an ordinary off-road vehicle, and not like a cross between a motor boat and a representative of the wheeled dynasty.